Language：Japanese  

This paper aims to explore an environmental aspect to mental disease in modern England, paying particular attention to lead exposure through the water supply. People living in Western Europe were increasingly exposed to chemical materials to a great extent both in workplaces and at homes particularly after industrialization. Among them, lead, a poisonous heavy metal, has been widely employed from water pipes and cisterns, soldered cans, to colouring for ceramics and toys. Lead thus pervaded the lives of modern humans in numerous ways. However, lead could seriously affect human health, causing damage to nerves, blood cells, the liver, kidney and reproductive organs. If severely exposed to lead, human beings show symptoms such as anemia, abdominal pain, constipation, paralysis and mental depression and delusions, sometimes resulting in death. Even a small amount of lead exposure, such as 0.1 mg/Lin blood or 0.01 mg/Lin drinking water, would increase the risk of delays in nervous and intellectual development, of learning disabilities and of schizophrenia, as reported by medical reports published in the latter part of the twentieth century. Historians of the environment, occupational diseases, water supply and public health have referred to lead exposure, but most of them described it as a minor and temporal environmental problem that had been overcome in the past. This historical perspective was questioned by Werner Troesken, an American socio-economic historian. He argued in his seminal book The Great Lead Water Pipe Disaster published in 2006 that in modern Britain and the United States, lead exposure through leaden water pipes caused more serious health damage than had been thought, and its extent was particularly lethal in Massachusetts and northern England. As Erik Millstone, a well-known researcher of social policy in England, revealed, such serious lead exposure has continued in the British Isles. Meanwhile from the 1970s to 2010s, medical researchers paid more attention to the relationship between lead exposure and mental diseases. A particularly important study showed that prenatal exposure to lead, even at modest levels, would increase the risk of schizophrenia 1. 8 times. This finding remained outside the attention of historians, except David Healy, an eminent British psychiatrist and a historian of psychiatry. In his 2014 paper, Healy proposed historians shift their attention to environmental issues. Following Healy's suggestion, this paper attempts to study health damage caused by lead exposure, and the relationship between lead exposure and mental disease, in northern England, especially in the West Riding of Yorkshire (currently West Yorkshire), and its major city Sheffield between the early nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. The West Riding of Yorkshire has been known as an area in which lead poisoning spread significantly, and Sheffield was the heart of lead poisoning in the late nineteenth century. Historians have barely studied these events, nor examined the actual extent of lead exposure and its health effects. What was the extent of lead exposure through the water supply in nineteenth century Britain? How did people living in the West Riding of Yorkshire and Sheffield experience lead exposure? How serious was the lead exposure? Armed with these questions, this paper first inquires into the general history of lead exposure in Britain from ancient times to current times, and secondly introduces medical and psychiatric studies of lead exposure and its relation to mental diseases developed particularly after the late nineteenth century. It then refers to the history of water supply in England, including the popularization of leaden water pipes and its sub-effects on human health and focuses on local experiences in the West Riding of Yorkshire and Sheffield. Employing both qualitative documents (local newspapers and administrative reports) and a series of quantitative documents (Census and various statistics produced by the Registrar-General's Office, local governments and local mental hospitals), this paper concludes that on one hand people experienced serious, sometimes lethal, lead exposure through the water supply in the West Riding of Yorkshire and Sheffield in the late nineteenth century, and, on the other hand, that such serious exposure shows no clear correlation to the occurrence of mental diseases. This curious finding should lead us to a further research in the future because it suggests other factors are linked to mental disease. They would probably be poverty, living and working conditions, or nutrition, all of which seem to be related to modern ways of living.

DOI： 10.14989/shirin_103_103

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/2433/250101

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：DUKE UNIV PRESS  

Osamu Kanamori (1954-2016) was a prolific author of science and technology studies in Japan in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. He represented many new directions, which he originally learned from France, the United States, and Japan. He influenced histories of scientific ideas and STS in Japan and East Asia. Around the same period, a new history of medicine in modern Japan started to take off. Many historical studies of modern medicine in Japan are published in English. This special issue tries to examine the relationship between Kanamori's works and Japanese medical historians and medical sociologists. After extensively reviewing and summarizing the variety of themes and genres within the works of Kanamori, these four papers will discuss four topics of medical technology, infectious diseases, psychiatric war pensions, and bioethical sci-fi works which have all been inspired by the works of Kanamori. This special issue explores the extensive works of Kanamori and the new history of medicine in Japan and argues that the new history of medicine in the near future becomes a core academic discipline within the relationship of the philosophical discussion of medicine in society and culture.

DOI： 10.1215/18752160-7338333

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：DUKE UNIV PRESS  

Modern medicine has developed a number of technologies to observe, diagnose, and intervene in the human body. Medical technologies make bodies visible by number and form. Many historians have studied how such medical technologies as the stethoscope, pulse meter, cardiograph, and thermometer were invented and subsequently influenced societies. However, recent historians have turned their attention to the technology-in-practice to show a unidirectional history intertwined by devices, clinicians, and users. This paper aims to follow this line of study by focusing on a history of clinical thermometry in modern Britain and Japan. First, it surveys secondary works on medical technologies in history and explores how clinical thermometers were invented, improved, sold, and consumed in two distinct cultures in Britain and Japan. It argues that clinical thermometry was used for consumers' own sakes, for example, performing a gender role and dreading influenza, and also framed by such external factors as war and pandemics.

DOI： 10.1215/18752160-7347472

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2019312194

Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.14992/00015889

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Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1062/00015889/

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：吉川弘文館  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese  

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Total pages：xvii, 295p   Language：Japanese

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Total pages：viii, 365, 11p   Language：Japanese

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

歴史から浮かび上がる〈感情〉の共同体痛みは普遍的なのか――生と痛みが絡まり合う感情の諸相を、イギリス史を舞台に描き出す。 17世紀から20世紀のイギリスをフィールドとして、神経医学の発達、貧者の救済、聖職者の処刑、宗教改革期の病、魔女裁判、夫婦間の虐待訴訟、動物の生体解剖などを題材に、6名の研究者が史料に残された〈生きられた痛み〉を照らし出し、感情を歴史学の視点から考えるための視座を開く。

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Total pages：282, xxxp   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

20世紀を通じて世界各国は、入院型の精神病院を中心としたものから外来設備を核とし地域に根ざした精神医療、すなわちコミュニティ・ケアへと、医療サービスの形態を変化させてきた。これは精神医療の脱施設化と呼ばれる現象であるが、英国では19世紀末から始まっていた。 1890年、イングランドでは狂気法と呼ばれる法律が成立した。この法律は、精神疾患を患っていない人々が強制的に精神病院へと監禁された事件を背景とし、患者の人権擁護を目指したものだった。 しかしイングランドの精神科医たちは、狂気法の非人道性や治療上の非効率性など、入院型の精神病院によらない新たな精神医療の形態、脱施設化された精神医療を提案していった。なぜ、精神科医たちは1890年狂気法に反対し、脱施設化された精神医療の必要性を訴えたのか。 本書は、この問いに答えるために、精神科医という専門職に注目し、その政治的言説、職階構造、診療実践、病院経営、他専門職との競争のありかたを検討する。そこからは、社会学者A・アボットが論じた、近代西洋社会に特徴的な専門職発展の歴史的様相が確認される。精神医療の脱施設化は、精神科医=専門職の政治経済的な戦略と社会的な諸関係なくしては現われることはなかった、歴史上の現象であった。

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Total pages：vii, 248, 8p   Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

精神疾患が注目される近現代、精神医学と社会の関係は変わりつづけている。第1部では、表象、専門職、宗教、メディアという観点から精神医学の歴史を問いなおす。第2部では、人類学の視点から精神医学の実践を捉えなおす。

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Canterbury, United Kingdom  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：名古屋大学  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (public)  

Venue：慶應義塾大学  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Padua, Italy  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Institute of Historical Research  

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