Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Association of Interpreting and Translation Studies  

The Japan National Press Club (JNPC) Corpus is a Japanese-English bilingual interpreting corpus that has been developed mainly for the purpose of research and education in the field of Translation and Interpreting Studies (TIS). The corpus was developed by transcribing source speeches and the interpreters' renderings from videos of press conferences made publicly available by the JPNC on YouTube. These transcripts, along with the original video and audio, can be viewed using ELAN, a free open source software. The recorded data consists of approximately 77 hours of press conference broadcasts and is available on the website of Gengo Shigen Kyokai (GSK or the Language Resources Association, https://www.gsk.or.jp/catalog/gsk2020-a/).

In this report, we offer a detailed description of the JNPC corpus. Those who wish to use this corpus for their own research projects are requested to cite this report.

File： 英日・日英通訳データベース（JNPCコーパス）の概要.pdf

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：John Benjamins Publishing Company  

When a newsmaker (i.e., a newsworthy subject) is speaking or being spoken about in a foreign language, quoting requires translation. In such “translingual quoting” (Haapanen, 2017), it is not only the content of the speech but also its translatability that determines newsworthiness. While news media in some countries prefer indirect quotation, Japanese media favor direct quotes (Matsushita, 2019). This practice yields relatively clear source text (ST)-target text (TT) relationships in translingual quoting, especially when a political speech is directly quoted by newspapers, offering abundant data for news translation research (Matsushita, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2019). However, this research approach has been challenged by the rise of a public figure known for making headlines with his extemporaneous remarks: US President Donald J. Trump. Translingual quoting of Trump in the non-English media has proven at times a “nearly impossible quest” (Lichfield, 2016) because of the unique features of his utterances, such as unorthodox word choices, run-on sentences and disjointed syntax (Viennot, 2016). This difficulty is heightened for Japanese newspapers, which uphold a longstanding journalistic standard of reporting speech as faithfully as possible, even in the case of translingual quoting (Matsushita, 2019). Against this backdrop, this article examines the often-conflicting relationship between “quotability” and “translatability” by analyzing how Japanese newspaper articles have quoted Donald Trump and his predecessor, Barack Obama, through comparison of original speeches and news texts produced by Japanese newspapers. The comparison shows that institutional conventions of Japanese newspaper companies regarding direct quotes are frequently neglected by the journalists trans-quoting Trump (e.g., changed to indirect quotes or reproduced less faithfully), leading to marked differences in the textual portrayals of the newsmakers in terms of eloquence and assertiveness.

Keywords: political speeches, direct quotes, US President, Japanese newspapers, news translation

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Ewha Womans University  

Interpreter trainers and researchers alike have repeatedly stressed the importance of self-practice in interpreter training (Setton & Dawrant 2016). Various approaches have been implemented in programs around the world, which typically involves recording and reflecting on one’s own performance. However, trainees often seem to face difficulty in evaluating their own performance in an objective and measurable manner. In order to overcome this obstacle, this paper proposes a new method for self-assessment of interpreting trainees’ performances using a parallel interpreting corpus. The corpus we have experimented with is a large-scale parallel corpus between Japanese and English. It is being compiled as part of a four-year, government-funded project (2016-2020) and utilizes interpreter-mediated press conference videos officially made available to the project by the Japan National Press Club (JNPC). JNPC attracts high-level speakers whose speeches as well as answers to questions from the journalists are videotaped along with the interpreters’ renderings both in simultaneous and consecutive modes by highly trained professionals. Using semi-automatic transcription enabled by IBM Watson Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), the video, audio and transcript data are exported to free annotation software called ELAN , which combines video and audio resources with textual data on a single screen. Though use of such a corpus, interpreting trainees can self-practice and self-assess their performance by a) watching the video and recording their renderings; b) transcribing their performance using ASR; c) exporting the transcript to ELAN by adding a new layer under that of professional interpreters; and d) visually comparing performance indicators such as the ear-voice span (EVS), words per minute, frequency of pauses/fillers and word choice. Trainees can also measure the improvement in their performances over time by accumulating data, an element that can enhance the overall effectiveness of interpreter training.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Akadémiai Kiadó  

Advances in news gathering and dissemination technologies have made it possible that news stories are being shared simultaneously around the world. One internationally newsworthy event can generate dozens of news reports in multiple languages almost immediately by means of translation. Although news translation research has gained traction over the last 15 years, it has thus far tended to focus only on one language pair or on European language combinations because of practical limitations (e.g., language proficiency of researchers, access to content). This paper will illustrate the benefits of collaboration across languages and cultures for deepening our understanding of global news translation. To explore the possibilities as well as the limitations of this multilingual collaboration, a speech by the Japanese prime minister commemorating the 70th anniversary of Japan’s surrender ending World War II and reports about this speech in English and German media are analysed. For a detailed comparative analysis, two direct quotations from the speech were selected which were included in nearly all of the reports. We reflect on the variation identified in the news reports with reference to sources the journalists used, their own language proficiency and the potential role of an intermediary text or language.

DOI： 10.1556/084.2018.19.2.2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Akademiai Kiado Rt.  

The translator's risk management while translating can involve several general dispositions, of which risk taking, risk avoidance, and risk transfer have been modeled previously (Pym 2015). In this paper we propose a fourth type of disposition, risk mitigation, which was identified by Matsushita (2016) through empirical research based on Pym's model. Risk mitigation is a disposition where the translator incurs one kind of risk in order to reduce another. Analyzing authentic examples in multiple languages, we ask whether mitigation is fundamentally different from the other three types, whether it involves a specific restriction on how much effort should rationally be invested by the translator, and whether a general logic of trade-offs is applicable. We further propose that mitigation correlates with factors both on the production side of the translator's discourse, where it enhances translatorial visibility, and on the reception side, where it can respond to imprecise identification of the target public.

DOI： 10.1556/084.2018.19.1.1

Scopus

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：全国要約筆記問題研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.)   Publisher：日本言語処理学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.)   Publisher：日本言語処理学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：立教大学  

DOI： 10.14992/00012270

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Article

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.)   Publisher：立教大学異文化コミュニケーション研究科  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：IKAROS PUBLICATIONS  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：IKAROS PUBLICATIONS  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Other  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)  

CiNii Article

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Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

Journalism and unique translation practices by Japanese media today International news stories provided to the public basically rely on translation. Most of this translation is done not by translators, but by journalists with practically no training in translation. What happens when the norms of journalism and those of translation clash? In this book, the author, a trained conference interpreter and former international journalist, investigates translator decisions in the practice of Japanese news translation. Her extensive analysis of texts from six major Japanese newspapers and interviews with Japanese “journalators” focuses on direct quotations, where accuracy is a journalistic priority but can generate loss of communication impact if implemented rigidly. She argues that many shifts from accuracy can be explained as risk management strategies. When News Travels East provides invaluable insight from an insider about news translation in Japan and beyond and paves the way for further research in the field.

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Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

How has convergence affected news and translation? Convergence is a chameleon, taking a new colour in each new context, from the integrated, bilingual newsroom of a legacy broadcaster to a newsroom in an outlet that has embraced multimodality from the very start. And yet, translation scholars studying the news have ignored convergence, while media scholars studying convergence have ignored translation. They have missed the fact that convergence is intrinsically linked to language and culture. This volume brings together translation and media scholars to investigate different modes of convergence across platforms as they shape how journalists frame stories and understand their role in a multilingual, convergent world. It opens a dialogue with scholars and students in applied linguistics, communication, journalism, languages, and translation, as well as translators, interpreters, and, ultimately, journalists.

DOI： 10.1075/btl.146

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Language：Japanese Book type：Other

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

2020年東京オリンピックを控え、注目を集める通訳。スポーツ通訳やボランティア通訳といった、オリンピックでも活躍が予想される分野から、会議通訳、ビジネス通訳、エンターテインメント通訳に至るまで、現役の通訳者たちの声を通して通訳の仕事の魅力を探ります。

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Language：Japanese Book type：Other

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Language：English Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：Other

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Language：Japanese Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

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Language：Japanese Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

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Language：Japanese Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

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Event date： 25 5 2023 - 27 5 2023

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 7 12 2022 - 9 12 2022

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 22 9 2022 - 23 9 2022

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 3 9 2022 - 4 9 2022

Language：Japanese  

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Event date： 30 6 2022 - 2 7 2022

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 22 6 2022 - 25 6 2022

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 16 5 2022 - 18 5 2022

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Event date： 13 9 2021 - 17 9 2021

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Event date： 24 8 2021 - 28 8 2021

Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

Venue：オンライン  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Online  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：関西大学  

The novel coronavirus that suddenly emerged and spread around the globe in the first half of 2020 had a major impact on the interpreting industry (AIIC, 2020). Travel restrictions resulting in cancellations of international conferences, left conference interpreters without assignments for months. This development has led some to turn to remote simultaneous interpreting (RSI) as a possible solution (AIIC, ibid.). RSI utilizes new cloud-based platforms specifically designed to support simultaneous interpreting in multiple languages (e.g. KUDO, Interprefy, Interactio) and is considered more suitable for large-scale conferences compared to earlier video conferencing technologies.

While RSI is an established modality in Europe and the United States, especially for the past two to three years, it lacks a substantial presence in the Japanese market (Takeda & Matsushita, forthcoming). However, this situation seems to be rapidly changing with some companies exploring the possibility of testing RSI to reduce cost and increase flexibility. More interpreters seem to be interested in pursuing the option after realizing the benefit of interpreting from their homes, as seen in the increased number of seminars on RSI organized by professional associations such as the Japan Association of Conference Interpreters (JACI).

Against this backdrop, the present paper outlines the current state of the conference interpreting industry in Japan with special attention paid to the use of various forms of remote interpreting, including over-the-phone interpreting (OPI), video remote interpreting (VRI), and RSI. It also gives an overview of the technologies used and the players involved and lays out the pros and cons of remote interpreting, keeping in mind the international guidelines provided by AIIC (2019) but reinterpreting them in the Japanese context. It is hoped that the present paper will not only provide useful information to scholars and practitioners in Japan but also stimulate research on remote conference interpreting in Asia.

References
AIIC (2019). AIIC guidelines for distance interpreting. Retrieved from https://aiic.net/page/8734
AIIC. (2020). Impact of coronavirus on conference interpreters. Retrieved from http://aiic.net/p/8940
Takeda, K., & Matsushita, K. (Forthcoming). Conference interpreting in Japan. In M. Albl-Mikasa & E. Tiselius (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Conference Interpreting. London: Routledge.

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：オンライン  

【発表要旨】2016年度から、のべ7名の会員が実施してきた科研プロジェクト「記者会見通訳の二言語並行コーパスの構築と応用研究」が最終年度を迎え、構築されたコーパス「通訳データベース（略称：JNPCコーパス）」が今年4月に公開された（https://www.gsk.or.jp/catalog/gsk2020-a）。本発表では、JNPCコーパスの全体像と活用方法を紹介するとともに、今後の応用研究の展望について中心メンバー3名が報告する。

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Stellenbosch University  

For the past couple of decades, researchers of Corpus-based Translation Studies (CTS) and Corpus-based Interpreting Studies (CIS) have intensified their efforts to compile authentic data needed for empirical research (Fantinuoli & Zanettin, 2015; Hu, 2016; Russo, Bendazzoli, & Defrancq, 2018). However, most of these corpora use English either as the source/target language or as the pivot language, with the Oslo Multilingual Corpus for CTS and the European Parliament Interpreting Corpus (EPIC) for CIS being notable exceptions (ibid.). Even if dependence on English is justifiable from a practical and economical point of view, it may consequently inhibit discovery of unique phenomena among less-studied languages and language pairs, especially when non-European languages are involved. In order to examine such a possibility, this study analyzes the outcomes from an ongoing, multi-institutional corpus project which aims to expand an existing parallel corpus between Japanese and English to include the two most spoken languages other than English—Chinese and Spanish—using Japanese as the source language. As a pilot study, both professional interpreters and student interpreters were asked to perform simultaneous interpretation from Japanese to Chinese and Spanish that was then compared with simultaneous interpreting from Japanese to English using ELAN, an annotation software. In the analysis, linguistic interference in simultaneous interpreting as defined by Lamberger-Felber & Schneider (2008) was frequently observed, but the types were different from those typically seen in the Japanese-English language pair (homophones in the case of the Japanese-Chinese language pair and word order in the case of the Japanese-Spanish language pair). By presenting the initial results of the pilot study, this paper aims to provide comparative data to test some of the key findings of prior research regarding linguistic interference.

Key words: parallel corpus, interference, Japanese, Chinese, Spanish
References
Fantinuoli, C., & Zanettin, F. (Eds.). (2015). New directions in corpus-based translation studies. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Hu, K. (2016). Introducing corpus-based translation studies. Shanghai, China: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press and Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Lamberger-Felber, H., & Schneider, J. (2008). Linguistic interference in simultaneous interpreting with text: A case study. In G. Hansen, A. Chesterman, & H. Gerzymisch-Arbogast (Eds.), Efforts and models in interpreting and translation research: A tribute to Daniel Gile (pp. 215–236). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Russo, M., Bendazzoli, C., & Defrancq, B. (Eds.). (2018). Making way in corpus-based interpreting studies. Singapore: Springer.
Shlesinger, M. (1998). Corpus-based interpreting studies as an offshoot of corpus-based translation studies. Meta, 43(4), 486–493.

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Nara Institute of Science and Technology  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Ca' Foscari University of Venice  

When Naomi Osaka became the first tennis player representing Japan to win the US Open in September 2018, it was not her superb performance on court but her tear-filled “apology” after the game that caught the attention of the media and the public. While the U.S. media mostly focused on her opponent Serena Williams missing her 24th grand slam title and the controversial ruling by the judge, Japanese media emphasized that Osaka “apologized” to American fans for the outcome rather than openly embracing her hard-earned victory. Specifically, it was her words “I’m sorry it had to end like this,” uttered in English and translated into Japanese by the Japanese media, that caused a heated public debate in the days that followed. Some media initially translated her words as 勝ってごめんなさい [Sorry that I won] which instantly became a target of social media criticisms, with many claiming that the word “sorry” in English does not necessarily mean that the person is apologizing. Despite such criticism, most of the mainstream media in Japan kept using various words of apology to fit the “Osaka is very Japanese” narrative they were trying to spread, demonstrating that interlocutors can manipulate levels of apology when translation is involved. Previous research has found that apologies can vary significantly due to cultural differences (Maddux, Kim, Okumura & Brett, 2012; Oi, 2015). In East Asia in particular, levels of apology expressed by political leaders have often been at the centre of diplomatic attention, as was the case in Japanese Prime Minister Abe’s statement commemorating the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II, which was translated into multiple languages and scrutinized around the world (Matsushita & Schäffner, 2018). Against this backdrop, the present study examines how apologies by numerous newsmakers in the past decade have been translated by using a corpus of interpreter-mediated press conferences held in Japan. Although the corpus itself, which utilizes approximately 400 hours of videotaped press conferences held at the Japan National Press Club since 2009, is still under development, initial findings revealed that interpreters tend to adjust apologies by changing their intensity when interpreting, especially where politically sensitive topics are concerned. The present study analyses cases of both “overplay” and “downplay” by the interpreters by applying the concept of risk management (Pym, 2015; Matsushita, 2016). Using the risk management categories identified in Pym and Matsushita (2018), it illustrates how cultural differences in expressions of apology often prevent literal translation, leaving room for manipulation during the interpreting process to avoid, mitigate, transfer, or take risk.

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：SOAS, University of London  

According to journalist-turned-sociolinguist Allan Bell, “News is what people say more than what people do,” and much of what journalists report is “talk not action” (Bell 1991: 53). This statement holds true in the case of Japanese newspapers, which are filled with quotations every day. Regular press conferences in Japan are mainly held at two venues: the Japan National Press Club (JNPC) and the Foreign Correspondents Club of Japan (FCCJ), both located in Tokyo. The core audience for the JNPC is the Japanese press and thus, when the invited guest is a non-native Japanese speaker, interpreting is provided either simultaneously or consecutively from a foreign language into Japanese and in both directions during the questions and answers session. The FCCJ caters to the international press based in Japan. Therefore, when the speaker only speaks Japanese, consecutive interpreting is provided from Japanese to English with the Q&A sessions being interpreted in both directions.
Previous research has found that press conference interpreters are conscious of the fact that what they render may end up being quoted in news articles (Matsushita, 2016), but they rarely have the opportunity to examine the output of the users of their service (i.e. the mostly anonymous journalists attending the press conference or watching it online), or have a say when their renderings happen to be misquoted. At the same time, journalists can reference their own recordings of press conferences or a transcript of the original speech, typically available when political leaders are involved (Schäffner 2015), and are ultimately responsible for making sure that what they quote in their article is accurately translated. However, a corpus-based analysis of press conferences held at JNPC revealed that interpreter’s renderings are often quoted verbatim without scrutiny, even in cases where politically sensitive issues are being discussed. By illustrating such journalistic practice quantitatively and qualitatively, this paper aims to highlight the risks involved in press conference interpreting and raise awareness of the need for greater attention when quoting newsmakers speaking in a foreign language.

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：龍谷大学  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：Ewha Womans University  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：関西大学  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Symposium, workshop panel (nominated)  

Venue：Hong Kong Baptist University  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：University of Stellenbosch  

Despite its visible and growing presence, news translation has long been ignored in Translation Studies (TS). Outsiders –TS researchers included– lacked access to the inner workings of newsrooms, where translation has traditionally been “in the hands of journalists rather than translators” (Bielsa 2007, p. 135). This situation started to change in the first decade of this century, most notably with the launch of the University of Warwick’s “Translation in Global News” project (Bielsa & Bassnett, 2009; Conway & Bassnett, 2006). Numerous case studies have since been carried out on news translation practices around the world (Valdeón, 2015).
However, the recent changes in media landscape has been outpacing research thanks to technological advances and the emergence of online media. Developments in newsroom dynamics such as round-the-clock coverage of world events across multiple platforms simultaneously and the diversification of content have challenged the media industry. To investigate the impact of such environmental shifts, this study analyzes the case of Buzzfeed Japan, the newest addition to the global network of Buzzfeed, a U.S.-based online media giant.
Buzzfeed Japan relies heavily on translation in its day-to-day operations, with up to 40% of its content consisting of translated material. These translations from and into Japanese require the mediation of more significant lexical and cultural differences when compared with translation tasks for Buzzfeed’s other international editions, all of which use European languages. Through numerous face-to-face interviews and a full-staff survey, this study reveals a mismatch between the staff members’ roles and their professional skillsets. Although 56% of the staff translate content daily, none of them have a background in translation while 68% want to be trained. This study explores the dilemma of untrained translators who are expected to meet the demands of emerging media and suggests possible ways in which research on non-professional translation can contribute in identifying possible solutions.

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Rikkyo University  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Beijing Foreign Studies University  

Despite the fact that cognitive approaches have been a mainstay in Interpreting Studies since its founding, the influence of risk on the cognitive load of interpreters has remained relatively unexplored until recently. According to Pym (2015), the problems that interpreters encounter during their performances vary in terms of risk, which practitioners manage by employing higher effort for high-risk problems and lower effort for low-risk problems. This behavior has also been observed in Matsushita (2015, 2016), which analyzed risk management by interpreters and journalist-translators working for the Japanese media. In order to examine such findings quantitatively, this study utilizes a growing parallel corpus constructed from over 300 hours of English and Japanese speech data obtained from interpreter-mediated press conferences held at the Japan National Press Club since October 2009.
As part of a four-year, government-funded project led by the author of this study, a pilot corpus has been created and the project team is in the process of testing its usability through applied research. The dataset includes both simultaneous and consecutive interpreting between English and Japanese by highly trained professionals in video, audio and text. It also includes waveforms of English and Japanese renderings along with matching texts allowing visual detection of patterns during interpreting which can then be checked against time-stamped, annotated data for detailed analysis. Having multiple resources linked together in one dynamic corpus means that the cognitive load of interpreters can be analyzed more accurately than when focusing on a single factor such as the Ear-Voice Span (EVS). Using this synthesis of resources, this study compares the effort invested in interpreting high-risk and low-risk elements in political speeches in order to identify the impact of risk on the cognitive process of interpreting.

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Rikkyo University  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Qatar National Convention Centre  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Kansai University  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

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