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古代末期～中世ビザンツ期城塞の年代測定にむけた物質的・統計的アプローチの開発
日本学術振興会
科学研究費助成事業 挑戦的研究(萌芽)
深津 行徳, 小口 千明, 堀田 一弘, 浦野 聡, 樋口 諒, 村上 祐子
7 2020
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3 2023
Grant number：20K20721
Grant amount：\6370000
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Direct Cost: \4900000
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Indirect Cost：\1470000
）
城壁建築の年代決定のための科学的な根拠を模索しようとする本研究は、建材(転用材、 礫石材、煉瓦材、接着用モルタル材)に注目して、建材の積み方の様式変化と、建材の風化による損耗度に注目する二つのアプローチを試みることとした。フィールドはリキア地方の沿岸から内陸にかけて、検討対象はこの地域の10～20程度の城壁とし、新型コロナウィルスによる海外渡航制限が解除されない場合には、建材の風化による損耗度に絞り、沖縄等の石灰岩製城壁を対象にデータを蓄積するとともに、調査の有効性を探ることとした。
しかし緊急事態宣言に依って国内調査も不可能と判断し、実験室レベルでの弾性波速度試験機による強度試験・硬度測定試験を行った（遠方の研究分担者はリモートで参加）。リキア地方の石灰岩を含む多様な石材について試験的なデータを採取し、以下の課題が明らかとなった。
1．同一測定物の複数回の測定結果が必ずしも安定しない。→測定対象物の表面劣化が進んでいる場合にはさらなるデータ収集の困難が予想され、対象物との接着面の工夫が必要になる。
2．試料の不足から、建材の風化による損耗度を測定できない。→リキア地の城壁建築で用いられている石灰岩と煉瓦材・モルタル材の風化速度を予め推定するためには、多量の試料が必要である。もしトルコ・日本での現地調査ができない場合には、日本で入手可能で「物性的にリキアの石灰岩と最も近い石材」を確定したうえで試料を集め、弾性波速度試験機によるデータの蓄積が必要である。
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Literacy in a post-truth age
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
4 2019
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3 2023
Grant number：19H00518
Grant amount：\40170000
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Direct Cost: \30900000
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Indirect Cost：\9270000
）
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Towards a global standard of dignity as a philosophical concept: theoretical approaches, conceptual histories, and cross-cultural comparisons
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S)
6 2018
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3 2023
Grant number：18H05218
Grant amount：\169650000
（
Direct Cost: \130500000
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Indirect Cost：\39150000
）
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The Concept of Dignity: An East-West comparative analysis from philosophical, social, cultural, and juridical perspectives
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
4 2018
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3 2019
Grant number：18H03567
Grant amount：\43290000
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Direct Cost: \33300000
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Indirect Cost：\9990000
）
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A Study on the Promotion of Gender Equality and Support for Early Career Researchers in Philosophy from Theoretical and Practical Standpoints
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
IZUMI CHIYE, Kanazawa Osamu, Tsutsui Haruka, Sugawara Yuki
4 2016
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3 2019
Grant number：16H03338
Grant amount：\13390000
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Direct Cost: \10300000
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Indirect Cost：\3090000
）
Even though the percentage has increased in recent years, women still comprise only about ten percent of the over 1400 members of the Philosophical Association of Japan;this demonstrates that certain factors obstruct women's participation in philosophy as an academic discipline. We have been actively tackling various issues related to both gender-equality promotion and support for early career researchers. We administered questionnaire on these issues. Based on the new survey's results, we held discussions from a variety of perspectives to share "facts". We invited Dr. Joe Morrison, the director of British Philosophical Association, and learnt the“Good Practice Scheme”which has a considerable equality-related intellectual background in UK. We organised a number of workshops with British Philosophical Association, Tohoku Philosophical Association, Nishinihon Philosophical Association, Science Philosophy Association, Hokkaido Philosophical Association and Hiroshima University etc.
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Updating the concept of morality based on science
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
Kukita Minao, Nakamura Michio, Miwa Kazuhisa, Hattori Hiromitsu, Osawa Hirotaka, Kawaguchi Jun, Hira Riichiro
4 2016
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3 2019
Grant number：16H03341
Grant type：Competitive
Grant amount：\10790000
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Direct Cost: \8300000
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Indirect Cost：\2490000
）
In this research, we clarified the gap between the findings regarding "morality" obtained in various fields of natural science and the views that have traditionally been accepted in philosophy and ethics. Specifically, in philosophy and ethics, the mainstream view emphasizes individual autonomy and reason, but science has revealed that the emotional and physical factors, as well as social and environmental factors, also play important roles, and that these factors and rational factors are intricately intertwined to enable moral judgments. Based on this, we found a difficulty in the very framing of the problem as "making machines ethical" in the research field called "machine ethics," in which they attempt to make artificial intelligent systems and robots that are capable of moral judgments and/or moral actions.
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Singularity and logic of responsibility
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
Murakami Yuko, OTANI Takushi
4 2015
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3 2018
Grant number：15K01978
Authorship：Principal investigator
Grant type：Competitive
Grant amount：\4810000
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Direct Cost: \3700000
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Indirect Cost：\1110000
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"The singularity argument," or the alleged claim that AI will annihilate human beings, was viral at the moment of the project proposal, although it has little evidence via immature argument. We pointed out the gaps and also necessities of revising the fundamental notions of personality, humanity, and responsibility. Our claims are getting vindicated via proposals by German government and EU congress toward considering e-personality.
Logical investigations are still on the way and we wish to develop the theory more deeply in the future.
We also focus on much details of academic usage of AI in research and K-12 education. In academic research substitution of human beings with AI will rather help advanced research by human. In K-12, more detailed analysis of contents of moral dilemmas should be arranged for each cluster of learners. We hope to classify cases of moral dilemmas for educational levels in the future.
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The Limit of Privacy and Right to Autonomy: A Study from the information ethics and the history
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
Otani Takushi, MURAKAMI I. Yuko, KAWAGUCHI Yukiko, KAWAGUCHI Kanako, NAGASAKI Kiyonori, TSUBOI Masashi, YOSHINAGA Nobuyuki, HAGA Takahiro
4 2014
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3 2018
Grant number：26370040
Grant amount：\4940000
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Direct Cost: \3800000
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Indirect Cost：\1140000
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1) We marshaled basic information ethics material related to the problems of privacy and autonomy, and updated the information ethics textbook we previously published for university students to reflect recent social and technological developments. 2) We summarized the history of information ethics. 3) We overviewed theories on privacy and autonomy in ethics and philosophy. Using these works as our basis, we considered the latest problems, such as 4) the possibility of the manipulation of public opinion by social media and 5) the influence of search engine algorithms, which arrange search results, to the users' decisions. 6) The principal researcher published a book entitled _Information Ethics: Technology, Privacy, and Copyright_ as part of this project's research results, and received an honorable mention in the Telecom Social Sciences Award from the Telecommunications Advancement Foundation, Japan.
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Building "University Education Commons" for the Advancement of Higher Education Improvement and the Promotion of Educational Inovation
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
Iiyoshi Toru, KAJITA Shoji, SAKAI Hiroyuki, MIZOKAMI Shinichi, KITA Hajime, ONO Kazuhiro, OKABE Yoichi, OZAWA Shigeto, TOSA Naoko, TAJINO Akira, TAKAHASHI Sachi, SHIGETA Katsusuke, OTSUKA Yusaku, MATSUSHITA Kayo, SUZUKI Shoko, TAGUCHI Mana, MURAKAMI Masayuki, UCHIMURA Hiroshi, KATO Kyoko, TSUTSUI Yoichi, AMANO Kazuya, KOMAI Shoji, SUZUKI Atsushi, SAKATA Nobuhiro, INABA Rieko, KAMIYA Kenichi, MURAKAMI Yuko, TANAKA Ikko, OKAMOTO Masako, KIMURA Syuhei, TSUJI Yasuhiko, OKUBO Mami, OGO Kazutoshi, KAMEDA Masumi, TATSUSHIMA Yumi, MAIYA Kiyoshi, MIZUNO Kunitaro, TANAKA Hiroaki, YANO Kojiro, NARUSE Takashi, SUGIMOTO Ayumi, SAITO Hiromichi, HAGA Akira, WATANABE Michiru, MIURA Kazumi, MICHIYUKI Toshiya, TSUBUKI Tatsuya, SAKURAI Noriko, TSUNEMI Sachi, SUZUKI Yoshinobu
4 2013
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3 2016
Grant number：25242017
Grant amount：\44460000
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Direct Cost: \34200000
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Indirect Cost：\10260000
）
Through this research, the “University Education Commons,” an online system that serves as an open knowledge platform, was developed to support sharing educational knowledge and building communities of practice for systematic and sustainable improvement of higher education. By examining a conceptual model for using multimedia ePortfolio to build and share practical educational knowledge, the effectiveness of the innovative methods and the support system that enable building and sharing educational practical knowledge across different local educational contexts that depend on particular disciplines, courses, and instructors, was empirically proven.
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Advanced logic for philosophy
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
MURAKAMI Yuko, YATABE Shunsuke
4 2011
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3 2015
Grant number：23520008
Grant amount：\5200000
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Direct Cost: \4000000
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Indirect Cost：\1200000
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This project developed courses of advanced logic for students majoring in philosophy, whose topics include natural deduction of substructural logics, modal logic, and algebraic logic. Logicians and philosophers exchange research ideas in the area of philosophical logic to determine the range of topics in logic for philosophers.
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Carrier path of science communicator in academic organization: actual and potential situation
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research
KURI Miwa, MURAKAMI Yuko
4 2012
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3 2014
Grant number：24650512
Grant type：Competitive
Grant amount：\3900000
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Direct Cost: \3000000
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Indirect Cost：\900000
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In the first year, we show the importance of the remuneration system on the establishment for carrier path of science communicator directly and indirectly employed by the research found around academic institute including university through interviews for the employment type, the consciousness and so on.
In the second year, as well as focus on the actual situation of the compensation structure of the relevant business person in terms of research management, opinions were also extracted information about the concepts underlying the compensation structure.
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A Study on the Ambiguity and the Context Dependency of Privacy Through the Historical and the Logical Perspective
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
OTANI Takushi, MURAKAMI Yuko, KAWAGUCHI Yukiko
2011
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2013
Grant number：23520048
Grant amount：\4680000
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Direct Cost: \3600000
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Indirect Cost：\1080000
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First, we found that there had been conceptions of privacy in Japan before the first trial concerning privacy invasion in the 1960s by philosophical and historical studies, and described the logical form of information flow norms with respect to privacy in the framework of the situational logic. Second, The research representative studied and translated one of the newest books on jurisprudential theory on the ambiguity and context-dependency of privacy, based on the work above. Thirdly, the representative determined that harm that stems from invasions of privacy derived from an absence of moral autonomy and a lack of freedom of self-representation by studying the work of information ethicist van den Hoven and that of sociologist Goffman . Furthermore, the representative organized a study group on information ethics in Japan, and edited a college textbook on information ethics that was written by that group's members.
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Research and deve lopment of educational meth d in cr itical thinking blended with science, technology and society(STS)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
ISEDA Tetsuji, SHIRABE Masashi, TODAYAMA Kazuhisa, MURAKAMI Yuko, AOKI Shigeyuki, KUBODA Yuka, KUSUMI Takashi, KIKUCHI Satoru, DEGUCHI Yasuo, MIURA Tosihiko, MOTOYOSI Tadahiro, YOSIMITSU Akihiro
2009
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2011
Grant number：21300323
Grant amount：\8450000
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Direct Cost: \6500000
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Indirect Cost：\1950000
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The first important result of this research project is the re-examination and theoretical expansion of both critical thinking and science, technology and society(STS). Critical thinking as an abstract thinking skill is substantiated using STS themes, and the notion of meta-critical thinking(meta CT) was introduced to locate bilateral communication and pseudoscience issues in the context of critical thinking. On the side of STS, in the discussion of how to incorporate critical thinking into STS, a thinking process was proposed to relativize two models of communication(deficit vs. bilateral communication) and to utilize them in proper contexts.
The other important research result is the creation of a educational format, i. e. critical thinking blended with STS(CT-STS), which has a balanced treatment of both abstract and concrete aspects of the two fields. The format is that opposing viewpoints are juxtaposed as thinking material, and skills and knowledge relevant to the interpretation of the opposition are provided alongside. The blending is not just a matter of efficiency in education. What this research presented is a way to present a unified perspective on seemingly unrelated(or even conflicting) styles of thinking ; as a result, the proposed educational material include something totally new, that is, educational material that encourage to reflect on desirability of critical thinking itself.
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Construction of a model for discursive ethics in techno-science
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
NOE Keiichi, ZAKOTA Yutaka, NAOE Kiyotaka, TOSHIMA Kiyoshi, OGIHARA Satoshi, HASEGAWA Koichi, HARA Saku, KITAMURA Masaharu, MURAKAMI Yuko, KOBAYASHI Tadashi, YAGI Eko, HIGURASHI Masao, YAMAMOTO Hiraku
2009
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2011
Grant number：21320002
Grant amount：\15990000
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Direct Cost: \12300000
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Indirect Cost：\3690000
）
We created a new model for science communication based on discursive ethics. For this purpose we organized a few occasions for the discussion of how to manage nuclear waste and analyzed the way the discussion went. We learnt the followings:
1. It is unlikely that people with opposing views come to total agreement through discussion. Nonetheless, it is important for us to continue dialogue and try to reach a reasonable agreement.
2. A dialogue between experts committed to different positions can be valuable especially when general citizens watch it and are informed and educated so as to form or revise their views.
3. For a dialogue to be fruitful, there has to be mutual trust among participants, and they have to have certain empathic capacities among other things.
4. A moderator of a dialogue has to be fair, but fairness is different from mere formal neutrality. To be fair one has to be able to make sorts of value judgments properly.
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非正規様相論理の理論と応用
日本学術振興会
科学研究費助成事業 特別研究員奨励費
村上 祐子
2000
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2002
Grant number：00J06372
Grant amount：\3600000
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Direct Cost: \3600000
）
平成14年度は、前年度に引き続いて非正規様相論理の理論を展開するとともに、特に哲学理論への応用に関する方法論的検討を中心に研究を進めた結果を学会・ワークショップにて発表した。
2002年6月には「様相は必然性ではない」(科学基礎論学会、東京工業大学)で、人工知能などさまざまな分野への様相論理の応用が進展する一方で、哲学的限界の打開という問題に対してはいまだに試行錯誤が続いている状況への対策として、ともすれば狭義に捉えられ必然性と同一視されることすらある様相概念をより広い文脈で捉えなおす必要があることを論じた。
2002年11月には"Non-monotonic modalities : philosophical motivations and applications"と題する講演(京都科学哲学コロキアム、京大会館)を行い、哲学的論理学という学問分野全体における様相論理の理論と応用の位置づけに関する方法論的考察を示した。
さらに、2003年2月には講演"Beyond bare monotonicity"(言語・行為・認知ワークショップ、北海道大学)を行い、特に言語行為にまつわる概念を様相論理を用いた哲学的論理学のアプローチで処理した場合のパラドクス現象に注目することにより、非正規様相論理に焦点を当てた場合においても応用の目的にあわせて適切な意味論と論理体系を提示することの重要性を強調した。
また、2003年3月の講演「様相アプローチ検討」(名古屋哲学フォーラム、南山大学)では、それまでの研究で明らかになった問題を解決するために「言語行為では最大情報をもたらさなければならない」(最大情報性仮説)を提案するとともに、最大情報性を様相論理の枠組で把握するための予備的考察として階層化された可能世界を認めるべきであるという「分割主義」の考え方を新たに提示した。
また理論的背景となる「様相論理」「不完全性定理」「自己言及」について、『AI事典』(土屋俊他編、共立出版)項目として執筆し、人工知能の基礎研究としての論理学の応用可能性について論じた。
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