Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

Small RNAs regulate a wide variety of biological processes by repressing the expression of target genes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. To achieve these functions, small RNAs form RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) together with a member of the Argonaute (AGO) protein family. RISC is directed by its bound small RNA to target complementary RNAs and represses their expression through mRNA cleavage, degradation, and/or translational repression. Many different factors fine-tune RISC activity and stability-from guide-target RNA complementarity to the recruitment of other protein partners to post-translational modifications of RISC itself. Here, we review recent progress in understanding RISC formation, action, and degradation, and discuss new, intriguing questions in the field.

DOI： 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.026

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  

Secondary small interfering RNA (siRNA) production, triggered by primary small RNA targeting, is critical for proper development and antiviral defense in many organisms. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) is a key factor in this pathway. However, how RDR specifically converts the targets of primary small RNAs into double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates remains unclear. Here, we develop an in vitro system that allows for dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of trans-acting siRNAs, a class of plant secondary siRNAs that play roles in organ development and stress responses. We find that a combination of the dsRNA-binding protein, SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3; the putative nuclear RNA export factor, SILENCING DEFECTIVE5, primary small RNA, and Argonaute is required for physical recruitment of RDR6 to target RNAs. dsRNA synthesis by RDR6 is greatly enhanced by the removal of the poly(A) tail, which can be achieved by the cleavage at a second small RNA-binding site bearing appropriate mismatches. Importantly, when the complementarity of the base pairing at the second target site is too strong, the small RNA–Argonaute complex remains at the cleavage site, thereby blocking the initiation of dsRNA synthesis by RDR6. Our data highlight the light and dark sides of double small RNA targeting in the secondary siRNA biogenesis.

DOI： 10.1073/pnas.2102889118

PubMed

researchmap

Other Link： https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1073/pnas.2102889118

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

<title>Abstract</title>The path of ribosomes on mRNAs can be impeded by various obstacles. One such example is halting of ribosome movement by microRNAs, though the exact mechanism and physiological role remain unclear. Here, we find that ribosome stalling caused by the Argonaute-miRNA-SGS3 complex regulates production of secondary siRNA biogenesis in plants. We show that the double-stranded RNA-binding protein, SGS3, directly interacts with the 3′ end of the microRNA-Argonaute complex, resulting in ribosome stalling. Strikingly, microRNA-mediated ribosome stalling enhances production of secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from target mRNAs. Our results uncover a previously uncharacterized role for paused ribosomes in regulation of small RNA function that may have broad biological implications across the plant kingdom.

DOI： 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109300

researchmap

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1038/s41586-020-2231-y

researchmap

Other Link： https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2231-y

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRPs) in eukaryotes convert single-stranded RNAs into double-stranded RNAs, thereby amplifying small interfering RNAs that play crucial roles in the regulation of development, maintenance of genome integrity and antiviral immunity. Here, we describe a method of in vitro RdRP assay using recombinant Arabidopsis RDR6 prepared by an insect expression system. By using this classical biochemical assay, we revealed that RDR6 has a strong template preference for RNAs lacking a poly(A) tail. This simple method will be applicable to other RdRPs in Arabidopsis and different organisms.

DOI： 10.21769/BioProtoc.2673

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

DOI： 10.1038/s41477-017-0028-2

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS  

Viruses often encode viral silencing suppressors (VSSs) to counteract the hosts' RNA silencing activity. The cricket paralysis virus 1A protein (CrPV-1A) is a unique VSS that binds to a specific Argonaute protein (Ago)-the core of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)-in insects to suppress its target cleavage reaction. However, the precise molecular mechanism of CrPV-1A action remains unclear. Here we utilized biochemical and single-molecule imaging approaches to analyze the effect of CrPV-1A during target recognition and cleavage by Drosophila Ago2-RISC. Our results suggest that CrPV-1A obstructs the initial target searching by Ago2-RISC via base pairing in the seed region. The combination of biochemistry and single-molecule imaging may help to pave the way for mechanistic understanding of VSSs with diverse functions.

DOI： 10.1093/nar/gkx748

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

The bipartite genomic RNAs of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) lack a 5' cap and a 3' poly(A) tail. RNA1 encodes viral replication proteins, and RNA2 encodes a movement protein (MP). These proteins are translated in a cap-independent manner. We previously identified two cis-acting RNA elements that cooperatively recruit eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) complex eIF4F or eIFiso4F to RNA1. Such cis-acting RNA elements and host factors have not been identified in RNA2. Here we found that translation of RNA1 was significantly compromised in Arabidopsis thaliana carrying eif4f mutation. RNA1 replicated efficiently in eifiso4fl mutants, suggesting vigorous translation of the replication proteins from RNA1 in the plants. In contrast, MP accumulation was decreased in eifiso4f1 mutants but not in eif4f mutants. Collectively, these results suggest that RCNMV uses different eIF complexes for translation of its bipartite genomic RNAs, which may contribute to fine-tuning viral gene expression during infection.

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.015

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Humana Press Inc.  

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs, which negatively regulate expression of complementary target genes at the post-transcriptional level. In plants, miRNAs are mainly loaded onto ARGONAUTE1 to form RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs), which mediate target mRNA cleavage as well as translational repression. The cell-free system derived from tobacco BY-2 protoplasts has become a powerful tool not only for the analysis of RISC assembly mechanism but also for mechanistic dissection of plant RISC functions. Here we describe the detailed protocols for the preparation of BY-2 cell lysate and the procedure to analyze the dual function of plant RISC—target cleavage and translational repression—in vitro.

DOI： 10.1007/978-1-4939-7165-7_4

Scopus

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

It remains unclear how post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants discriminates aberrant RNAs from canonical messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The key step of plant PTGS is the conversion of aberrant RNAs into double-stranded RNAs by RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 (RDR6). Here, we show that RDR6 itself selects aberrant poly(A)-less mRNAs over canonical polyadenylated mRNAs as templates at the initiation step of complementary strand synthesis. This mechanism can be viewed as an innate safeguard against 'self-attack' by PTGS.

DOI： 10.1038/nplants.2017.36

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON  

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small noncoding RNAs, which regulate complementary mRNAs by inducing translational repression and mRNA decay. Although this dual repression system seems to operate in both animals and plants, genetic and biochemical studies suggest that the mechanism underlying the miRNA-mediated silencing is different in the two kingdoms. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding of how miRNAs mediate translational repression and mRNA decay, and discuss the contributions of the two silencing modes to the overall silencing effect in both kingdoms.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.07.011

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CELL PRESS  

miRNAs silence their complementary target mRNAs by translational repression as well as by poly(A) shortening and mRNA decay. In Drosophila, miRNAs are typically incorporated into Argonaute1 (Ago1) to form the effector complex called RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Ago1-RISC associates with a scaffold protein GW182, which recruits additional silencing factors. We have previously shown that miRNAs repress translation initiation by blocking formation of the 48S and 80S ribosomal complexes. However, it remains unclear how ribosome recruitment is impeded. Here, we examined the assembly of translation initiation factors on the target mRNA under repression. We show that Ago1-RISC induces dissociation of eIF4A, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, from the target mRNA without affecting 50 cap recognition by eIF4E in a manner independent of GW182. In contrast, direct tethering of GW182 promotes dissociation of both eIF4E and eIF4A. We propose that miRNAs act to block the assembly of the eIF4F complex during translation initiation.

DOI： 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.09.004

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.10.033

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Plant ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7) assembles RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) specifically with miR390 and regulates the auxin-signalling pathway via production of TAS3 trans-acting siRNAs (tasiRNAs). However, how AGO7 discerns miR390 among other miRNAs remains unclear. Here, we show that the 5' adenosine of miR390 and the central region of miR390/miR390* duplex are critical for the specific interaction with AGO7. Furthermore, despite the existence of mismatches in the seed and central regions of the duplex, cleavage of the miR390* strand is required for maturation of AGO7-RISC. These findings suggest that AGO7 uses multiple checkpoints to select miR390, thereby circumventing promiscuous tasiRNA production.

DOI： 10.1038/embor.2013.73

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

Viruses employ an alternative translation mechanism to exploit cellular resources at the expense of host mRNAs and to allow preferential translation. Plant RNA viruses often lack both a 5' cap and a 3' poly(A) tail in their genomic RNAs. Instead, cap-independent translation enhancer elements (CITEs) located in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) mediate their translation. Although eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) or ribosomes have been shown to bind to the 3' CITEs, our knowledge is still limited for the mechanism, especially for cellular factors. Here, we searched for cellular factors that stimulate the 3' CITE-mediated translation of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) RNA1 using RNA aptamer-based one-step affinity chromatography, followed by mass spectrometry analysis. We identified the poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) as one of the key players in the 3' CITE-mediated translation of RCNMV RNA1. We found that PABP binds to an A-rich sequence (ARS) in the viral 3' UTR. The ARS is conserved among dianthoviruses. Mutagenesis and a tethering assay revealed that the PABP-ARS interaction stimulates 3' CITE-mediated translation of RCNMV RNAl. We also found that both the ARS and 3' CITE are important for the recruitment of the plant eIF4F and eIFiso4F factors to the 3 ' UTR and of the 40S ribosomal subunit to the viral mRNA. Our results suggest that dianthoviruses have evolved the ARS and 3' CITE as substitutes for the 3' poly(A) tail and the 5' cap of eukaryotic mRNAs for the efficient recruitment of eIFs, PABP, and ribosomes to the uncapped/nonpolyadenylated viral mRNA.

DOI： 10.1128/JVI.00538-12

PubMed

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Programmed - 1 ribosomal frameshifting (- 1 PRF) is one viral translation strategy to express overlapping genes in positive-strand RNA viruses. Red clover necrotic mosaic virus ( RCNMV) uses this strategy to express its replicase component protein p88. In this study, we used a cell-free translation system to map cis-acting RNA elements required for 1 PRF. Our results show that a small stem-loop structure adjacent to the cap-independent translation element in the 3&apos; untranslated region (UTR) of RCNMV RNA1 is required for - 1 PRF. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggested that this stem-loop regulates - 1 PRF via base-pairing with complementary sequences in a bulged stem-loop adjacent to the shifty site. The existence of RNA elements responsible for - 1 PRF and the cap-independent translation of replicase proteins in the 3&apos; UTR of RNA1 might be important for switching translation to replication and for regulating the ratio of p88 to p27. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.012

PubMed

researchmap

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.017

PubMed

CiNii Article

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

Recognition of RNA templates by viral replicase proteins is one of the key steps in the replication process of all RNA viruses. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, including primary RNA elements that are recognized by the viral replicase proteins, are not well understood. Here, we used aptamer pulldown assays with membrane fractionation and protein-RNA coimmunoprecipitation in a cell-free viral translation/replication system to investigate how viral replicase proteins recognize the bipartite genomic RNAs of the Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV). RCNMV replicase proteins bound specifically to a Y-shaped RNA element (YRE) located in the 3&apos; untranslated region (UTR) of RNA2, which also interacted with the 480-kDa replicase complexes that contain viral and host proteins. The replicase-YRE interaction recruited RNA2 to the membrane fraction. Conversely, RNA1 fragments failed to interact with the replicase proteins supplied in trans. The results of protein-RNA coimmunoprecipitation assays suggest that RNA1 interacts with the replicase proteins coupled with their translation. Thus, the initial template recognition mechanisms employed by the replicase differ between RCNMV bipartite genomic RNAs and RNA elements are primary determinants of the differential replication mechanism.

DOI： 10.1128/JVI.01754-10

PubMed

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) is a positive-strand RNA virus with a bipartite genome RNA1 encodes N-terminally overlapping replication proteins, p27 and p88 RNA2 is replicated efficiently by the replication proteins supplied in trans, whereas RNA1 needs p88 preferentially in cis for its replication cis-Acting elements required for RNA2 replication have been mapped to the 3&apos; terminal stem-loop structure conserved between RNA I and RNA2, and to the protein-coding region including the trans-activator Here, we have identified a Y-shaped RNA structure with three-way RNA Junctions predicted m the 3&apos; untranslated region of RNA2 as a novel element required for negative-strand synthesis using an in vitro translation/replication system We also show that, in addition to the 3&apos; terminal core promoter, several RNA elements including the trans-activator are also required for negative-strand synthesis Functional roles and structural requirements of these cis-acting elements in RCNMV RNA replication are discussed (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.022

PubMed

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

The genome of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) consists of RNA1 and RNA2, both lacking a cap structure and a poly(A)tail. RNA1 has a translational enhancer element (3&apos;TE-DR1) in the 3&apos; untranslated region (UTR). In this study, we analyzed the roles of 5&apos; and 3&apos; UTRs of RNA1 in 3&apos;TE-DR1-mediated cap-independent translation in cowpea and tobacco BY-2 protoplasts using a dual-luciferase (LUC) reporter assay system. Most mutations introduced into RNA15&apos; UTR in reporter LUC mRNA abolished or greatly reduced cap-independent translation in BY-2 promplasts, whereas those mutations had no or Much milder effects if any on translational activity in cowpea protoplasts. Our results suggest that a stern-loop structure predicted in the 5&apos; proximal region of RNAI plays important roles in both translation and RNA stability. We also show that 3&apos;TE-DR1-mediated cap-independent translation relies on a ribosome-scanning mechanism in both protoplasts. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.037

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

Positive-strand RNA viruses use diverse mechanisms to regulate viral and host gene expression for ensuring their efficient proliferation or persistence in the host. We found that a small viral noncoding RNA (0.4 kb), named SR1f, accumulated in Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV)-infected plants and protoplasts and was packaged into virions. The genome of RCNMV consists of two positive-strand RNAs, RNA1 and RNA2. SR1f was generated from the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of RNA1, which contains RNA elements essential for both cap-independent translation and negative-strand RNA synthesis. A 58-nucleotide sequence in the 3' UTR of RNA1 (Seq1f58) was necessary and sufficient for the generation of SR1f. SR1f was neither a subgenomic RNA nor a defective RNA replicon but a stable degradation product generated by Seq1f58-mediated protection against 5'-&gt; 3' decay. SR1f efficiently suppressed both cap-independent and cap-dependent translation both in vitro and in vivo. SR1f trans inhibited negative-strand RNA synthesis of RCNMV genomic RNAs via repression of replicase protein production but not via competition of replicase proteins in vitro. RCNMV seems to use cellular enzymes to generate SR1f that might play a regulatory role in RCNMV infection. Our results also suggest that Seq1f58 is an RNA element that protects the 3'-side RNA sequences against 5'-&gt; 3' decay in plant cells as reported for the poly(G) tract and stable stem-loop structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

DOI： 10.1128/JVI.01027-08

PubMed

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

The genome of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) consists of RNA1 and RNA2. RNA1 encodes N-terminally overlapping replication proteins, p27 and p88, which are translated in a cap-independent manner. The 3' untranslated region of RNA1 contains RNA elements essential for cap-independent translation and negative-strand RNA synthesis. In this study, we investigated how p27 and p88 were engaged in the replication of RCNMV genomic RNAs by using DNA vectors or in vitro transcribed RNAs in protoplasts and in a cell-free extract of evacuolated BY-2 protoplasts. Our results show a cis-preferential requirement of p88, but not of p27, for the replication of RNA1. This mechanism might help to facilitate a switch in the role of RNA1 from mRNA to a replication template. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2008.02.004

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The genome of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) is positive-sense and divided into RNA1 and RNA2. RNA1 has a translation enhancer element (3′ TE-DR1) in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) that substitutes for a 5′ cap. In this study, we determined the regions required for cap-independent translation and RNA synthesis in the 3′ UTR of RNA1 using a cell-free extract of evacuolated BY-2 protoplasts (BYL) and by an assay in BY-2 protoplasts. The use of capped viral RNA transcripts in the BYL system allowed us to distinguish the effects of introduced mutations on cap-independent translation and negative-strand RNA synthesis of RNA1. We found that the core RNA element of 3′ TE-DR1 essential for cap-independent translation of RNA1 is dispensable for negative-strand RNA synthesis. Thus, cis-acting RNA elements essential for cap-independent translation are separated from those required for negative-strand RNA synthesis in the 3′ UTR of RCNMV RNA1. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.016

Scopus

PubMed

researchmap

Authorship：Lead author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY  

The genome of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) in the genus Dianthovirus is divided into two RNA molecules of RNA1 and RNA2, which have no cap structure at the 5' end and no poly(A) tail at the 3' end. The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of RCNMV RNA1 contains an essential RNA element (3'TE-DR1), which is required for cap-independent translation. In this study, we investigated a cap-independent translational mechanism of RNA2 using a firefly luciferase (Luc) gene expression assay system in cowpea protoplasts and a cell-free lysate (BYL) prepared from evacuolated tobacco BY2 protoplasts. We were unable to detect cis-acting RNA sequences in RNA2 that can replace the function of a cap structure, such as the 3'TE-DR1 of RNA1 However, the uncapped reporter RNA2, RNA2-Luc, in which the Luc open reading frame (ORF) was inserted between the 5' UTR and the movement protein ORF, was effectively translated in the presence of p27 and p88 in protoplasts in which RNA2-Luc was replicated. Time course experiments in protoplasts showed that the translational activity of RNA2-Luc did not reflect the amount of RNA2. Mutations in cis-acting RNA replication elements of RNA2 abolished the cap-independent translational activity of RNA2-Luc, suggesting that the translational activity of RNA2-Luc is coupled to RNA replication. Our results show that the translational mechanism differs between two segmented genomic RNAs of RCNMV. We present a model in which only RNA2 that is generated de novo through the viral RNA replication machinery functions as mRNA for translation.

DOI： 10.1128/JVI.80.8.3781-3791.2006

PubMed

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

J-GLOBAL

researchmap

J-GLOBAL

researchmap

J-GLOBAL

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society for Virology  

Many lines of recent evidence indicate that non-coding RNAs including micro RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) play an important role in the control of gene expression in diverse cellular processes and in defense responses against molecular parasites such as viruses and transposons. Viruses also use many different types of non-coding RNAs for regulating expression of their own genome or host genome temporally and spatially to ensure efficient virus proliferation and/or latency in the host cell. Here, we introduce the generation mechanisms and functions of novel non-coding RNAs generated from both animal and plant RNA viruses, after a brief review of non-coding RNAs of DNA viruses.

DOI： 10.2222/jsv.59.179

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：English   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：English   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Phytopathological Society of Japan (PSJ)  

CiNii Article

researchmap