Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：Japan

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Award type：Award from Japanese society, conference, symposium, etc.  Country：Japan

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Media SA  

Representational momentum (RM) is a well-known phenomenon that occurs when a moving object vanishes suddenly and the memory of its final or vanishing position is displaced forward in the direction of its motion. Many studies have shown evidence of various perceptual and cognitive characteristics of RM in various daily aspects, sports, development, and aging. Here we examined the longitudinal developmental changes in the displacement magnitudes of RM among younger (5-year-old) and older (6-year-old) nursery school children for pointing and judging tasks. In our experiments, the children were asked to point at by their finger (pointing task) and judge the spatial location (judging task) of the vanishing point of a moving stimulus. Our results showed that the mean magnitudes of RM significantly decreased from 5- to 6-year-old children for the pointing and judging tasks, although the mean magnitude of RM was significantly greater in the 5-year-old children for the pointing task but not for the judging task. We further examined the developmental changes in RM for a wide range of ages based on data from the present study (5-year-old children) and our previous study (7- and 11-year-old children and 22-year-old adults). This ad hoc examination showed that the magnitude of RM was significantly greater in 5-year-old children than in adults for the pointing and judging tasks. Our findings suggest that the magnitude of RM was significantly greater in young children than in adults and significantly decreased in young children through adults for the pointing and judging tasks.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.882913

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.40.27

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-020-63820-z

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Other Link： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63820-z

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104024

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE Publications  

We investigated the effects of the interaction between the body and gravitational axes on vection (visually induced self-motion perception) in school-age children and adults. Experiment 1 was a pilot study of adults that was conducted to determine the appropriate experimental settings for the main experiment that included children and adults. The adult participants experienced vection in four different directions in the head-centered coordinate (forward, backward, upward, and downward) under two postural conditions: standing (in which the body and gravitational axes were consistent) and supine (in which the body orientation was orthogonally aligned to the gravitational axis). The adults reported more rapid and longer lasting vection when standing than when supine. In the main experiment (Experiment 2), we tested adults and school-age children under conditions similar to those of Experiment 1 and found that the reported vection was more rapid and longer lasting in children than in adults, whereas the reported vection tended to be more rapid and longer lasting under the standing condition than the supine condition for both age groups. Based on the similarities and differences between children and adults found in the present and previous vection studies, child-specific features of vection are discussed.

DOI： 10.1177/2041669520939585

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Other Link： http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/2041669520939585

Language：English   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE Publications  

Representational momentum (RM) is the phenomenon that occurs when an object moves and then disappears, and the recalled final position of the object shifts in the direction of its motion. Some previous findings indicate that the magnitude of RM in early childhood is comparable to that in adulthood, whereas other findings suggest that the magnitude of RM is significantly greater in childhood than in adulthood. We examined whether the inconsistencies between previous studies could be explained by differences in the experimental tasks used in these studies. Futterweit and Beilin used a same-different judgment between the position where a moving stimulus disappeared and where a comparison stimulus reappeared (judging task), whereas Hubbard et al. used a task wherein a computer mouse cursor pointed to the position where the moving stimulus disappeared (pointing task). Three age groups ( M = 7.4, 10.7, and 22.1 years, respectively) participated in both the judging and pointing tasks in the current study. A multivariate analysis of variance with the magnitudes of RM in each task as dependent variables revealed a significant main effect for age. A one-way analysis of variance performed for each of the judging and pointing tasks also indicated a significant main effect of age. However, post hoc multiple comparisons detected a significant age effect only for the pointing task. The inconsistency between the judging and pointing tasks was discussed related to the distinct effect size of the age difference in the magnitude of RM between the two tasks.

DOI： 10.1177/2041669518791191

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Other Link： http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full-xml/10.1177/2041669518791191

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE Publications Ltd  

Vection is illusory self-motion elicited by visual stimuli and is more easily induced by radial contraction than expansion flow in adults. The asymmetric feature of vection was reexamined with 18 younger (age: 6–8 years) and 19 older children (age: 9–11 years) and 20 adults. In each experimental trial, participants observed either radial expansion or contraction flow
the latency, cumulative duration, and saturation of vection were measured. The results indicated that the latency for contraction was significantly shorter than that for expansion in all age-groups. In addition, the latency and saturation were significantly shorter and greater, respectively, in the younger or older children compared with the adults, regardless of the flow pattern. These results indicate that the asymmetry in vection for expansion or contraction flow emerges by school age, and that school-age children experience significantly more rapid and stronger vection than adults.

DOI： 10.1177/2041669518761191

Scopus

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROYAL SOC  

Humans can extract statistical information, such as the average size of a group of objects or the general emotion of faces in a crowd without paying attention to any individual object or face. To determine whether summary perception is unique to humans, we investigated the evolutional origins of this ability by assessing whether chimpanzees, which are closely related to humans, can also determine the average size of multiple visual objects. Five chimpanzees and 18 humans were able to choose the array in which the average size was larger, when presented with a pair of arrays, each containing 12 circles of different or the same sizes. Furthermore, both species were more accurate in judging the average size of arrays consisting of 12 circles of different or the same sizes than they were in judging the average size of arrays consisting of a single circle. Our findings could not be explained by the use of a strategy in which the chimpanzee detected the largest or smallest circle among those in the array. Our study provides the first evidence that chimpanzees can perceive the average size of multiple visual objects. This indicates that the ability to compute the statistical properties of a complex visual scene is not unique to humans, but is shared between both species.

DOI： 10.1098/rspb.2017.0564

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

A radially expanding flow with a linear positive speed gradient is perceived as a rigid object approaching the observer, whereas such a flow having no or a reduced speed gradient is perceived as a non-rigid, two-dimensionally deforming object (De Bruyn & Orban, 1990). We tested elementary school-aged children (younger children, 6-9years, and older children, 9-11years) and adults (20-22years) to examine the development of the perception of rigidity. The results suggest that the perception of rigidity in response to a radial flow pattern with a speed gradient is similar in older (but not younger) children and adults. The development of rigidity perception from a radial flow pattern may be related to the maturation of the dorsal and ventral visual pathways during the elementary school years. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/icd.1989

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

The ability to understand a visual scene depicted in a still image is among the abilities shared by all human beings. The aim of the present study was to examine when human infants acquire the ability to perceive the dynamic events depicted in still images (implied motion perception). To this end, we tested whether 4- and 5-month-old infants shifted their gaze toward the direction cued by a dynamic running action depicted in a still figure of a person. Results indicated that the 5- but not the 4-month-olds showed a significant gaze shift toward the direction implied by the posture of the runner (Experiments 1, 2, and 3b). Moreover, the older infants showed no significant gaze shift toward the direction cued by control stimuli, which depicted a figure in a non-dynamic standing posture (Experiment 1), an inverted running figure (Experiment 2), and some of the body parts of a running figure (Experiment 3a). These results suggest that only the older infants responded in the direction of the implied running action of the still figure; thus, implied motion perception emerges around 5 months of age in human infants.

DOI： 10.1038/srep37206

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

The focus of a radial optic flow is a valid visual cue used to perceive and control the heading direction of animals. Gaze patterns in response to the focus of radial optic flow were measured in human infants (N = 100, 4-18 months) and in adults (N = 20) using an eye-tracking technique. Overall, although the adults showed an advantage in detecting the focus of an expansion flow (representing forward locomotion) against that of a contraction flow (representing backward locomotion), infants younger than 1 year showed an advantage in detecting the focus of a contraction flow. Infants aged between 13 and 18 months showed no significant advantage in detecting the focus in either the expansion or in the contraction flow. The uniqueness of the gaze patterns in response to the focus of radial optic flow in infants shows that the visual information necessary to perceive heading direction potentially differs between younger and mature individuals.

DOI： 10.1038/srep34734

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

Previous studies have shown different developmental trajectories for object recognition of solid and non-solid objects. However, there is no evidence as to whether infants have expectations regarding certain attributes of objects, such as surface hardness, in the absence of tactile information. In the present study, we examined infants' perception of the hardness of object surfaces from visually presented penetration events using the familiarization novelty preference procedure. Experiment 1 showed that by 11 months old infants distinguished a relatively soft surface from a crusty surface based on changes in the velocity of a moving object as the moving object penetrated the surface of the target object. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that infants were merely sensitive to differences in the velocity changes in the stimuli.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

Although the relationship between biological motion perception as depicted by point-light displays and social cognition has been investigated in recent decades, the developmental course of the integration of social cognition and the perception of biological motion is not well understood. To better understand this development, we investigated the ability of 9- and 12-month-old infants to shift their gaze toward a point-light upright human figure using a paradigm similar to that used by Yoon and Johnson (2009). We found that 12-month-old, but not 9-month-old, infants were able to follow the direction of attention of the upright point-light figure (Experiments 1 and 2). However, both the younger and older infants were able to follow the attentional shift of others under the full-view condition (Experimental 3). These results suggest that the ability to process the higher-level information provided by biological motion patterns, such as the attentional direction of others, develops by 12 months, but not by 9 months, of age. The relationship between the development of social cognition and that of biological motion perception is discussed. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.12.014

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Visual motion perception can arise from non-directional visual stimuli, such as still images (implied motion, cf. Kourtzi, Trends Cogn Sci 8:47-49, 2004). We tested 5- to 8-month-old infants' implied motion perception with two experiments using the forced-choice preferential looking method. Our results indicated that a still image of a person running toward either the left or right side significantly enhanced infants' visual preference for a visual target that consistently appeared on the same side as the running direction (the run condition in Experiment 1). Such enhanced visual preference disappeared in response to an image of the same person standing and facing the left/right side (the stand condition in Experiment 1), an image of the running figure covered with a set of opaque rectangles (the block condition in Experiment 2) (Gervais et al. in Atten Percept Psychophys 72:1437-1443, 2010), and an image of the inverted running figure (the inversion condition in Experiment 3). These results suggest that only the figure that implied dynamic body motion shifted the infants' visual preference to the same direction as the implied running action. These findings demonstrate that even infants as young as 5 to 8 months old are sensitive to the implied motion of static figures.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-014-3996-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION  

Previous studies have shown that even elementary school-aged children (7 and 11 years old) experience visually induced perception of illusory self-motion (vection) (Lepecq et al., 1995, Perception, 24, 435-449) and that children of a similar age (mean age = 9.2 years) experience more rapid and stronger vection than do adults (Shirai et al., 2012, Perception, 41, 1399-1402). These findings imply that although elementary school-aged children experience vection, this ability is subject to further development. To examine the subsequent development of vection, we compared junior high school students' (N = 11, mean age = 14.4 years) and adults' (N = 10, mean age = 22.2 years) experiences of vection. Junior high school students reported significantly stronger vection than did adults, suggesting that the perceptual experience of junior high school students differs from that of adults with regard to vection and that this ability undergoes gradual changes over a relatively long period of development.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00563

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

Voluntary locomotion is one of the most important motor actions performed by animals, including humans, and vision plays an important role in controlling such action. We conducted cross-sectional (Experiment 1) and longitudinal (Experiment 2) investigations and found that the perception of visual motion (optic flow), a critical cue for perceiving and controlling the direction of locomotion, drastically changes just before the emergence of locomotion in infancy. The results suggest that developmental change in particular visual perceptions precedes and potentially promotes the emergence of related motor actions in early development. Our findings offer a new perspective on the development of visuomotor coordination, which has long been thought to derive from the development of motor actions rather than from changes in visual perceptions.

DOI： 10.1177/0956797613510723

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

The developmental processes underpinning global shape and global motion perception in infancy have been relatively well described. However, the development of the ability to integrate both global motion and global shape information has remained unclear. In this study we employed a slit-viewing task to investigate the ability to integrate spatiotemporal information among infants ranging in age from 3 to 12 months. In experiment 1 each infant was familiarised with a moving object that was only partly visible through a slit. One of the two objects in the test trial was a novel object, and the other object had appeared previously in familiarisation trials. The findings suggested that infants aged 5 months and over looked longer at the novel drawings compared with the more familiar objects in the test trials. This implies that the infants recognised the whole shape of the object under the slit-viewing condition. In experiment 2 each infant was presented with partial images in a random order. In this case the infants were unable to distinguish the whole shape of the object. The findings suggest that infants did not rely on the local cues provided in experiment 1.

DOI： 10.1068/p7606

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Recently, Masuda et al. (submitted for publication) showed that adults perceive moving rigid or nonrigid motion from illusory contour with neon color spreading in which the inducer has pendular motion with or without phase difference. In Experiment 1, we used the preferential looking method to investigate whether 3-8-month-old infants can discriminate illusory and non-illusory contour figures, and found that the 7-8-month-old, but not the 3-6-month-old, infants showed significant preference for illusory contour with phase difference. In Experiment 2, we tested the validity of the visual stimuli in the present study, and whether infants could detect illusory contour from the current neon color spreading figures. The results showed that all infants might detect illusory contour figure with neon color spreading figures. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 suggest that 7-8-month-old infants potentially perceive illusory contour from the visual stimulus with phase-different movement of inducers, which elicits the perception of nonrigid dynamic subjective contour in adults. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.05.004

Scopus

PubMed

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Background: It is known that subjective contours are perceived even when a figure involves motion. However, whether this includes the perception of rigidity or deformation of an illusory surface remains unknown. In particular, since most visual stimuli used in previous studies were generated in order to induce illusory rigid objects, the potential perception of material properties such as rigidity or elasticity in these illusory surfaces has not been examined. Here, we elucidate whether the magnitude of phase difference in oscillation influences the visual impressions of an object's elasticity (Experiment 1) and identify whether such elasticity perceptions are accompanied by the shape of the subjective contours, which can be assumed to be strongly correlated with the perception of rigidity (Experiment 2).
Methodology/Principal Findings: In Experiment 1, the phase differences in the oscillating motion of inducers were controlled to investigate whether they influenced the visual impression of an illusory object's elasticity. The results demonstrated that the impression of the elasticity of an illusory surface with subjective contours was systematically flipped with the degree of phase difference. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the subjective contours of a perceived object appeared linear or curved using multi-dimensional scaling analysis. The results indicated that the contours of a moving illusory object were perceived as more curved than linear in all phase-difference conditions.
Conclusions/Significance: These findings suggest that the phase difference in an object's motion is a significant factor in the material perception of motion-related elasticity.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0078621

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OPTICAL SOC JAPAN  

Both horizontal and vertical binocular disparities produce depth perception in adults. In developmental studies, infants aged around 4 to 6 months were shown to perceive depth from horizontal disparity. However, infants' sensitivity to vertical disparity has not been shown clearly. To examine the sensitivity in infants, this study measured preferential looking behavior of infants aged 20 to 27 weeks. Results showed a significant preference for the stimulus with vertical disparity, providing the first evidence of infants' sensitivity to vertical disparity. The infants in the same age group did not show preference for stimulus with horizontal disparity when the stimulus were comparable to the stimulus with vertical disparity, while their sensitivity to horizontal disparity was confirmed with the stimuli used in a previous study. Our results would suggest that properties in processing horizontal and vertical disparities are different in infancy, and that the sensitivity to horizontal disparity are still premature in 27 weeks after birth. (C) 2013 The Japan Society of Applied Physics

DOI： 10.1007/s10043-013-0050-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

We compared vection (visually induced illusory self-motion perception) among elementary school children and adults by measuring latency to onset, cumulative duration, and estimated strength of vection. Significantly stronger vection with shorter latency was observed in children compared with adults. Several possible causes (eg size-difference of the effective visual field) of the age-related differences are discussed.

DOI： 10.1068/p7251

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Visual radial expansion/contraction motion provides important visual information that is used to control several adaptive actions. We investigated radial motion perception in infant Japanese macaque monkeys using an experimental procedure previously developed for human infants. We found that the infant monkeys' visual preference for the radial expansion pattern was greater than that for the radial contraction pattern. This trend towards an "expansion bias" is similar to that observed in human infants. These results suggest that asymmetrical radial motion processing is a basic visual function common to primates, and that it emerges early in life.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-009-2136-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

In adults, a salient tone embedded in a sequence of nonsalient tones improves detection of a synchronously and briefly presented visual target in a rapid, visually distracting sequence. This phenomenon indicates that perception from one sensory modality can be influenced by another one even when the latter modality provides no information about the judged property itself However, no study has revealed the age-related development of this kind of cross-modal enhancement. Here we tested the effect of concurrent and unique sounds on detection of illusory contours during infancy. We used a preferential looking technique to investigate whether audio-visual enhancement of the detection of illusory contours could be observed at 5, 6, and 7 months of age. A significant enhancement, induced by sound, of the preference for illusory contours was observed only in the 7-month-olds. These results suggest that audio-visual enhancement in visual target detection emerges at 7 months of age. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.07.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Sensitivity to rotational motion, one of the fundamental components of optic flow, was tested in infants aged 2 and 3 months. The infants in both groups showed significant sensitivity to rotational motion only in the high-speed condition (10.62 degrees/s). There was no significant increase in motion sensitivity between 2 and 3 months of age, indicating that there is not a significant developmental change during this period. A comparison of our results with previous findings that showed a significant increase in radial motion sensitivity between 2 and 3 months suggests that different motion sensitivities have different developmental time courses.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-008-1461-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

We examined the sensitivity of 2- and 3-month-old infants to radial expansion/contraction at various speeds. The stimuli comprised one radial motion pattern (expansion or contraction) and one translational motion pattern (up, down, left or right; counterbalanced across infants) placed side by side. The two patterns in each stimulus had the same speed. Three-month-old infants could discriminate between radiation and translation, even under relatively low speeds (5.31 and 2.66 degrees/s), whereas discrimination between the two patterns by 2-month-old infants was very limited. Thus, the range of speeds at which infants can detect radial expansion/contraction changes extensively between 2 and 3 months of age. This change in radial motion sensitivity may reflect the development of cortical motion mechanisms in the dorsal pathway, which is specialised to detect radial motion.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-007-1170-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ASSOC RESEARCH VISION OPHTHALMOLOGY INC  

An expanding object, which may represent an approaching motion, is easier to detect than a contracting one, which may represent a receding object. To confirm the generality of asymmetry in the detection of approaching and receding motions, we focused on the perception of apparent motion in depth created by moving cast shadows. The visual search for an approaching target among receding distractors was more efficient than for the opposite condition (Experiment 1). However, this asymmetry disappeared when a light shadow was added (Experiments 2 and 3). This suggests that the visual system is specialized to detect approaching motion defined by cast shadows, as well as other three-dimensional cues such as expanding motion and shading.

DOI： 10.1167/8.13.10

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

We investigated the perceptual development of motion transparency in 3- to 5-month-old infants. In two experiments we tested a total of 55 infants and examined their preferential looking behaviour. In experiment 1, we presented transparent motion as a target, and uniform motion as a non-target consisting of random-dot motions. We measured the time during which infants looked at the target and non-target stimuli. In experiment 2, we used paired-dot motions (Qian et al, 1994 Journal of Neuroscience 14 7357 - 7366) as non-targets and also measured target looking time. We calculated the ratio of the target looking time to the total target and no-target looking time. In both experiments we controlled the dot size, speed, the horizontal travel distance of the dots, and the motion pattern of the dots. The results demonstrated that 5-month-old infants showed a statistically significant preference for motion transparency in almost all stimulus conditions, whereas the preference in 3- and 4-month-old infants depended on stimulus conditions. These results suggest that the sensitivity to motion transparency was robust in 5-month-olds, but not in 3- and 4-month-olds.

DOI： 10.1068/p5277

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

We investigated 2- and 3-month-olds' motion coherence sensitivities to radial expansion/contraction by using the preferential looking method. The infants were tested with a stimulus composed of two dynamic random dot patterns placed side by side: an expansion (or a contraction) pattern and a random directional pattern. The results showed that the 3-month-old infants tested with both a contraction and random directional pattern could discriminate between those two motions significantly, even when the contraction motion coherence was relatively low (50%). On the other hand, the 3-month-old infants who were tested with both expansion and random directional pattern could not discriminate between those two motions. None of the 2-month-old infants showed significant discrimination between the expansion/contraction and random motion patterns. Results of the present study suggest that anisotropic motion coherence sensitivities to radial expansion/contraction emerge at around 3 months of age. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.10.003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A moving cast shadow of the object affects the perception of the object's trajectory in adults [Kersten, D., Mamassian, P., & Knill, D. C. (1997). Moving cast shadow induce apparent motion in depth. Perception, 26, 171-192]. In the present study, we investigated by using a habituation-dishabituation procedure whether infants at 4- to 7-months old discriminate the motion trajectory of a ball from the moving shadow it casts. In Experiment 1, 4- to 5-month-old and 6- to 7-month-old were tested for ability to discriminate between a "depth" display containing a ball and a cast shadow with a diagonal trajectory and an "up" display containing a ball with a diagonal trajectory and a cast shadow with a horizontal trajectory. Six- and 7-month-old, but not 4- and 5-month-old, infants looked significantly longer at the "up" display than at the "depth" display. In Experiment 2, we tested whether 4- to 5-month-old and 6- to 7-month-old infants would perceive "up" motion as categorically different from "depth" depending on the object's 3-D trajectory. We used displays containing a ball and a cast shadow with the same trajectories as those in Experiment I except that the cast shadows appeared above the ball. These displays did not produce 3-D impressions in adults. Neither age group of infants exhibited significant differences between "up" and "depth" displays. When the results from the two experiments are considered, 6- and 7-month-old infants discriminated the motion trajectory of the ball from the moving cast shadows. This developmental emergence of depth perception from a moving cast shadow at 6 months of age is consistent with that of other pictorial depth cues. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.028

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We conducted four experiments on the development of motion perception in a total of 109 3- to 5-month-old infants using motion stimuli consisting of opposite-moving dots. A psychophysical study showed that adult subjects perceived two global planes with opposite-moving dots, but this global perception collapsed when paired opposite-moving dots were located within 0.4 deg of one another (Qian, Andersen, & Adelson, 1994). We used this paired-dot stimulus as a non-target and the opponent motion stimulus as a target and examined target preference using methods based on forced-choice-preferential looking (Teller, 1979). In Experiment 1, we used 90 moving dots as stimuli. The results showed that 5-month-old infants had a significant preference for the targets but and 3-month-olds did not. In Experiment 2, we used a small number of dots, and the results showed that 5-month-old infants did not prefer the target significantly. These results suggest that the preference for a target decreases according to the number of dots. In Experiment 3, we used opponent motion with long traveling length of the dots, and the results showed that all age groups, including 3-month-olds, had a preference for the moving targets. We showed that the preference observed in Experiment 3 was dependent not on local traveling length but on the global opponency. These results suggest that the perception of motion opponency based on a global motion cue emerges at 5 months of age (Experiments 1 and 2) and that the traveling length of the dots promote this perception (Experiments 3 and 4). (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.040

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A radial expansion flow having a linear-speed-gradient (linear-grad) creates robust perception of a rigid object moving-in-depth [Perception 19 (1990) 21]. It has been reported that sensitivity to a linear-grad of radial expansion emerges at 2 months of age [Infant Behavior and Development 17 (1994) 165]. In the present study, we examined the development of sensitivity to the linear-grad of radial expansion after 2 months of age with three experiments. A total of 197 2- to 5-month-old infants participated. The results showed that sensitivity to the linear-grad improves between 2 and 3 months of age (Experiment 1), and that the infants may discriminate between an expansion having linear-grad and that having zero-grad based on their perception of motion-in-depth (Experiments 2 and 3). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.029

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC  

We examined the developmental process of the sensitivity to expansion and contraction with two separate experiments. In the present study, 121 2-8-month-old-infants were participated. In the expansion search condition, 58 infants were exposed to a display consisted of an expansion (target) and 11 contractions (distractors). In the contraction search condition, the other 63 infants were exposed to a display consisted of a contraction (target) and 11 expansions (distractors). The results showed that in the expansion search condition the infants except for 2-month-olds show significant preference for the target. The sensitivity (or insensitivity) to expansion (or contraction) over 3 months of age observed in the present study is similar to the asymmetry for the perception of expansion/contraction [T. Takeuchi, Visual search of expansion and contraction, Vision Res. 37 (1997) 2083-2090]. The relation between the development of the asymmetric perception of expansion/contraction and that of the cortical pathway was discussed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.infbeh.2003.12.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We investigated the anisotropic responses between the detection of motion toward and motion away from the observers with expanding/contracting shaded circles. Our experiments followed visual search paradigm with two exceptions: (1) the stimulus presentation time was fixed for 300 ins and (2) the mean error rates were adopted as a dependent variable. In Experiment 1, targets and distractors were defined by expanding (or contracting) convex/concave circles. Results of Experiment I suggested that the human visual system is more sensitive to expanding convex circles (which create the impression of approaching objects) than others. In Experiment 2, the targets and distractors were defined by expanding (or contracting) step gradient (top-lighting/bottom-lighting) circles. The results of Experiment 2 suggest that the anisotropy for the perception of motion-in-depth should not be caused by change of luminance polarity but by change of shading cue. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.visres.2003.07.012

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)   Publisher：診断と治療社  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (trade magazine, newspaper, online media)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Article

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00008685355

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00008685360

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

A radial expanding flow having a linear positive speed gradient is perceived as a rigid object approaching to the observer, while that having no or reduced speed gradient is perceived as a non-rigid, 2-dimensionally deforming object. (De Bruyn and Orban, 1990). We tested elementary school aged children (1-3 graders and 4-6 graders) and adults to examine the development of the rigidity perception. The results suggest that 4-6 graders (but not 1-3 graders) and adults have similar properties in perceiving rigidity from radial expanding flow with speed gradient.

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (other)   Publisher：日本赤ちゃん学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人電子情報通信学会  

In adult, a salient tone embedded in a sequence of non-salient tones improves detection of a synchronously presented brief visual target in rapid visual distracting sequence. Wada et al., (2009) reported that audiovisual enhancement in visual detection is emerged at 7 month of age using illusory-contours composed of 4 packmen as visual target. However, it is still unclear whether the finding would be related to the multisensory perceptual organization or that would reflect the development of attention. Here, we examined these issues with 2 experiments. We used a preferential looking technique to investigate whether audio-visual enhancement of the detection of visual target could be observed at 5, 6, and 7 months of age. In the first experiment, we used a non-illusory target: each packman kept their back to the others. In the second experiment the salient sound was presented together with the distractor just before the target illusory-contour figure. Results indicated that the preference for targets was significant only in 7-month-olds in the first experiment. No audiovisual enhancement was observed in the second experiment. These results confirm the audio-visual enhancement in visual target detection emerges as multisensory organization at 7 months of age.

CiNii Article

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学霊長類研究所  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学霊長類研究所  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：The Japanese Psychonomic Society  

We report the development of cortical responses (steady-state visual evoked potentials: VEPs) to radial expansion/contraction. Forty-four 3-4-month-olds and 9 adults viewed moving dots which cyclically (2.085 Hz) alternated between radial expansion (or contraction) and random directional motion. The first harmonic (F1) response in the VEPs must arise from global-motion- sensitive mechanisms. The results indicated that the F1 amplitudes for contraction were significantly larger than those for expansion for the 4-month-olds and the adults but not for the 3-month-olds. These results suggest that the human cortical motion mechanisms have an asymmetrical sensitivity for radial expansion/contraction which develops at around 3 to 4 months of age.

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00004574163

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本基礎心理学会  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00004450545

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学霊長類研究所  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学霊長類研究所  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本基礎心理学会  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00004414600

CiNii Article

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：PION LTD  

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

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Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

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Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：General book, introductory book for general audience

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：Dictionary, encyclopedia

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese Book type：Textbook, survey, introduction

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