Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Along with the comparator model, the perception of action-outcome regularity is involved in the generation of sense of agency. In addition, the perception of action-outcome regularity is related to motor performance. However, no studies have examined the developmental changes in the perception of action-outcome regularity. The current study measured perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity and manual dexterity in 200 children aged between 5 and 16 years. The results showed that perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity was significantly lower in 5-6-year-old children than in 9-16-year-old children, and that it was significantly lower in children with low manual dexterity than in children with medium to high manual dexterity. Correlation analyses revealed significant correlations of age and perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity, but no significant correlation of manual dexterity and perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity, either overall or in any age band. The present study suggests that perceptual sensitivity to action-outcome regularity is immature at 5-6 years of age and that it may be impaired in 5-16-year-old children with poor manual dexterity.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-022-21827-8

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DOI： 10.1038/s44159-022-00030-6

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Other Link： https://www.nature.com/articles/s44159-022-00030-6

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Self-related stimuli are important cues for people to recognize themselves in the external world and hold a special status in our perceptual system. Self-voice plays an important role in daily social communication and is also a frequent input for self-identification. Although many studies have been conducted on the acoustic features of self-voice, no research has ever examined the spatial aspect, although the spatial perception of voice is important for humans. This study proposes a novel perspective for studying self-voice. We investigated people's distance perception of their own voice when the voice was heard from an external position. Participants heard their own voice from one of four speakers located either 90 or 180 cm from their sitting position, either immediately after uttering a short vowel (i.e., active session) or hearing the replay of their own pronunciation (i.e., replay session). They were then asked to indicate which speaker they heard the voice from. Their voices were either pitch-shifted by ± 4 semitones (i.e., other-voice condition) or unaltered (i.e., self-voice condition). The results of spatial judgment showed that self-voice from the closer speakers was misattributed to that from the speakers further away at a significantly higher proportion than other-voice. This phenomenon was also observed when the participants remained silent and heard prerecorded voices. Additional structural equation modeling using participants' schizotypal scores showed that the effect of self-voice on distance perception was significantly associated with the score of delusional thoughts (Peters Delusion Inventory) and distorted body image (Perceptual Aberration Scale) in the active speaking session but not in the replay session. The findings of this study provide important insights for understanding how people process self-related stimuli when there is a small distortion and how this may be linked to the risk of psychosis.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-04437-8

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<title>Abstract</title>The sense of agency refers to the feeling of control over one’s own actions, and through them, the external events. This study examined the effect of modified visual feedback on the sense of agency over one’s body movements using virtual reality in healthy individuals whose motor control was disturbed. Participants moved a virtual object using their right hand to trace a trajectory (Experiment 1) or a leading target (Experiment 2). Their motor control was disturbed by a delay in visual feedback (Experiment 1) or a 1-kg weight attached to their wrist (Experiment 2). In the offset conditions, the virtual object was presented at the median point between the desired position and the participants’ actual hand position. In both experiments, participants reported improved sense of agency in the offset condition compared to the aligned condition where the visual feedback reflected their actual body movements, despite their motion being less precise in the offset condition. The results show that sense of agency can be enhanced by modifying feedback to motor tasks according to the goal of the task, even when visual feedback is discrepant from the actual body movements. The present study sheds light on the possibility of artificially enhancing body agency to improve voluntary motor control.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-82154-y

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Other Link： http://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-82154-y

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Adaptive motor learning refers to the ability to adjust to novel disturbances in the environment as a way of minimizing sensorimotor errors. It is known that such processes show large individual differences and are linked to multiple perceptual and cognitive processes. On the other hand, the sense of agency refers to the subjective feeling of control during voluntary motor control. Is the sense of agency just a by-product of the control outcome, or is it actually important for motor control and learning? To answer this question, this study takes an approach based on individual differences to investigate the relationship between the sense of agency and learnability in sensorimotor adaptation. Specifically, we use an adaptive motor learning task to measure individual differences in the efficiency of motor learning. Regarding the sense of agency, we measure the perceptual sensitivity of detecting an increase or a decrease in control when the actual level of control gradually increases or decreases, respectively. The results of structure equation modelling reveal a significant influence of perceptual sensitivity to increased control on motor learning efficiency. On the other hand, the link between perceptual sensitivity to decreased control and motor learning is nonsignificant. The results show that the sense of agency in detecting increased control is associated with the actual ability of sensorimotor adaptation: people who are more sensitive in detecting their control in the environment can also more quickly adjust their behaviors to novel disturbances to acquire better control, compared to people who have a less sensitive sense of agency. Finally, the results also reveal that the processes of increasing control and decreasing control may be partially independent.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-021-99969-4

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Driving assistance technology has gained traction in recent years and is becoming more widely used in vehicles. However, drivers usually experience a reduced sense of agency when driving assistance is active even though automated assistance improves driving performance by reducing human error and ensuring quick reactions. The present study examined whether driving assistance can maintain human sense of agency during early deceleration in the face of collision risk, compared with manual deceleration. In the experimental task, participants decelerate their vehicle in a driving simulator to avoid collision with a vehicle that suddenly cut in front of them and decelerated. In the assisted condition, the system performed deceleration 100 ms after the cut-in. Participants were instructed to decelerate their vehicle and follow the vehicle that cut-in. This design ensured that the deceleration assistance applied a similar control to the vehicle as the drivers intended to, only faster and smoother. Participants rated their sense of agency and their driving performance. The results showed that drivers maintained their sense of agency and improved driving performance under driving assistance. The findings provided insights into designing driving assistance that can maintain drivers' sense of agency while improving future driving performance. It is important to establish a mode of joint-control in which the system shares the intention of human drivers and provides improved execution of control.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643516

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The self is a distinct entity from the rest of the world, and actions and sensory feedback are our channels of interaction with the external world. This study examined how the sense of control influences people's perception of sensorimotor input under the framework of categorical perception. Twenty human participants (18 males, two females) took part in both experiments. Experiment 1 showed that the sensitivity (d') of detecting a 20% change in control from no change was higher when the changes occurred at the control-category boundary than within each category. Experiment 2 showed that the control categories greatly affected early attention allocation, even when the judgment of control was unnecessary to the task. Taken together, these results showed that our perceptual and cognitive systems are highly sensitive to small changes in control that build up to a determinant change in the control category within a relatively narrow boundary zone between categories, compared to a continuous, gradual physical change in control.Significance Statement Categorical perception is an important cognitive function that connects human low-level perceptual systems with high-level conceptual systems. Categorical perception has been intensively studied with sensory features (e.g., color and faces), but little is known about sensorimotor information, despite its importance for interacting with the external world. This is the first study to show that individuals perceive their control in meaningful categories rather than via linear encoding. The categorical perception of control diminishes sensitivity to differences within control categories, while increasing sensitivity to sensorimotor inputs at the control-category boundaries. The findings broaden our understanding on how human action influences the perception of action consequences, and how humans organize the external world according to the consequences of their actions.

DOI： 10.1523/ENEURO.0258-20.2020

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In everyday life, people control objects in the world around them to varying degrees. The processes people actively use to establish their control, while interacting with an environment containing large ambiguity, remain unknown. This study examines how people explore their control over the environment and how they detect small differences in control among objects. In the experimental task, participants moved three dots on a screen and identified one dot over which the level of control is different from that of the other two. The results support a two-step behavior mechanism underlying the sensing of control difference: People first explore their overall control in the environment, and then the results of the initial exploration are used to selectively tune the direction (i.e., either more or less) of the detected control difference, ensuring efficient and rapid detection of the type of control difference that is potentially important for further action selections.

DOI： 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101112

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Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：IEEE  

DOI： 10.1109/embc.2019.8856796

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Fuji Technology Press Ltd.  

<p>Improving the walking functions of hemiplegia patients after a stroke or brain injury is an important rehabilitation challenge. Recently, walking assist robots have been introduced in advanced rehabilitation facilities as a way to improve the efficiency of patient rehabilitation and restore their walking functions. Expert therapists can apply this device on different patients; however, such application mainly depends on the therapist's tacit knowledge. Thus, it is often harder for novice therapists to apply such devices on different types of patients. Consequently, effective use of a walking assist robot has become a new patient rehabilitation skill. Taking rehabilitation as a service provided by medical doctors or therapists to their patients, this study aims to improve the quality of the rehabilitation service. In particular, the objective of this study is to abstract the rehabilitation skill of expert therapists in using a walking assist robot by applying a service science methodology known as skill education. Skill abstraction was performed by interviewing an expert therapist. From this interview, it was found that the expert therapist classified hemiplegia patients into four different classes. Using videos of patients walking, further analysis revealed the expert's tacit knowledge, which was indicated by differences observed among these four groups in particular phases of the patients' walking patterns. This study shows that by successfully obtaining explicit knowledge of part of a rehabilitation skill by using a walking assist robot (which until now was a tacit knowledge of experts), and then organizing the acquired explicit knowledge, even non-experts can easily reproduce the skill of experts in new patient rehabilitation.</p>

DOI： 10.20965/ijat.2019.p0271

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Language：English   Publisher：Fuji Technology Press Ltd.  

<p>Several disease presentations are linked to a mismatch between the real body and the body's internal representation of itself. In order to develop effective rehabilitation therapies, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying changes in body representation. In this study, we focused on changes in body representation of the upper limb as a large part of the body and investigated the conditions under which such changes occur. Participants were presented four conditions which differentially affected their sense of ownership and agency, including a movement condition related to their sense of agency, and a visual hand information condition related to the sense of ownership. In the experiment, participants were asked to move their upper limb forward and backward on a manipulandum. Results of the study showed that visual hand position affected changes in body representation relevant to both conscious and unconscious body parts. In addition, changes in the representation of the unconscious body part occurred with, and were dependent on, active movement.</p>

DOI： 10.20965/jaciii.2019.p0196

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It is important to evaluate and maintain driver’s sense of agency (SoA), because poor SoA of assisted driver may result in slow and inaccurate response in case decisions are required from the driver. This study investigated the relationship between SoA and alpha-band power of EEG in a simulated driving environment.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-030-01845-0_208

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Academic Press Inc.  

The sense of agency emerges when our voluntary actions produce anticipated or predictable outcomes in the external world. It remains unclear how the sense of control also influences our perception of the external world. The present study examined perceptual processing of self-generated motion versus non-self-generated motion using steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs). Participants continuously moved their finger on a touchpad to trigger the movements of two shapes (Experiment 1) or two groups of dots (Experiment 2) on a monitor. Degree of control was manipulated by varying the spatial relation between finger movement and stimulus trajectory across conditions. However, the velocity, onset time, and offset time of visual stimuli always corresponded to participants’ finger movement. Stimuli flickered at a frequency of either 7.5 Hz or 10 Hz, thus SSVEPs of these frequencies and their harmonics provided a frequency-tagged measurement of perceptual processing. Participants triggered the motion of all stimuli simultaneously, but had greater levels of control over some stimuli than over others. Their task was to detect a brief colour change on the border(s) of one shape (Experiment 1) or of one group of dots (Experiment 2). Although control over shapes/dots was irrelevant to the visual detection task, we found stronger SSVEPs for stimuli that were under a high level of control, compared with the stimuli that were under a low level of control. Our results suggest that the spatial regularity between self-generated movements and visual input boosted the neural responses underlying perceptual processing. Our results support the preactivation account of sensory attenuation, suggesting that perceptual processing of self-generated events is enhanced rather than inhibited.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.019

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Fuji Technology Press Ltd.  

<p>Back pain has been a serious problem for novice nurses who care for bedridden patients. To avoid back pain, placing a slippery sliding sheet beneath a patient has been suggested so that nurses can pull it when repositioning the patient rather than lifting the patient. However, inappropriate use of the sheet may not reduce lumbar pain. Therefore, it is important to identify skills required for novice nurses to perform bed care movements using a sliding sheet. This study firstly performed interview to obtain useful knowledge from expert nurses who are skilled in using a sliding sheet. Next, a simulation study was then conducted to determine specific bed care movements that would minimize lumbar joint moment associated with lumbar pain. The simulated and expert movements were compared to validate whether expert movements decreases lumbar joint moment. Finally, a novice participant was taught these expert movements, and the educational effect of using these skills was validated. Our results showed that the experts used characteristic movements, keeping the upper arm and trunk stabilized and utilizing a shift in body weight, when performing bed care movements with the sliding sheet. Additionally, the expert movements and simulated movements were shown to be similar. This result confirmed that expert movements could contribute to reducing lumbar joint moments. Moreover, a novice participant could decrease lumbar moment using skills derived from effective education.</p>

DOI： 10.20965/ijat.2018.p0533

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

"Sense of control" refers to the subjective feeling of control over external events. Numerous neuropsychological studies have investigated the neural basis of the sense of control during action performance; however, most previous studies have focused on responses to a single discrete action outcome rather than real-time processing of action-outcome sequences. In the present study, we aimed to identify whether certain patterns of brain activation are associated with the perceived control during continuous movement. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) signals while participants continuously moved a right-handed mouse in an attempt to control multiple visual stimuli. When participants perceived a sense of control over the stimuli, we observed a positive potential approximately 550 ms after the onset of movement, while no similar potential was observed when participants reported a lack of control. The appearance of this potential was consistent with the time window of awareness of control in a behavioral test using the same task, and likely reflected the explicit allocation of attention to control. Moreover, we found that the alpha-mu rhythm, which is linked to sensorimotor processing, was significantly suppressed after participants came to a conclusion regarding the level of control, regardless of whether control or lack of control was perceived. In summary, our results suggest that the late positive potential after the onset of the movement and the suppression of alpha-mu rhythm can be used as markers of the perception of control during continuous action performance and feedback monitoring.

File： Measurement of the perception of control during continuous movement using electroencephalography.pdf

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00392

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File： The influence of performance on action-effect integration in sense of agency.pdf

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Instrument and Control Engineers  

DOI： 10.11499/sicejl.56.175

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

Sense of agency (SoA) refers to the feeling of controlling ones own actions, and the experience of controlling external events with ones actions. The present study examined the effect of strength of intentional effort on SoA. We manipulated the strength of intentional effort using three types of buttons that differed in the amount of force required to depress them. We used a self-attribution task as an explicit measure of SoA. The results indicate that strength of intentional effort enhanced self-attribution when action-effect congruency was unreliable. We concluded that intentional effort importantly affects the integration of multiple cues affecting explicit judgments of agency when the causal relationship action and effect was unreliable.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01165

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

Body representation refers to perception, memory, and cognition related to the body and is updated continuously by sensory input. The present study examined the influence of goals on body representation updating with two experiments of the rubber hand paradigm. In the experiments, participants moved their hidden left hands forward and backward either in response to instruction to touch a virtual object or without any specific goal, while a virtual left hand was presented 250 mm above the real hand and moved in synchrony with the real hand. Participants then provided information concerning the perceived heights of their real left hands and rated their sense of agency and ownership of the virtual hand. Results of Experiment 1 showed that when participants moved their hands with the goal of touching a virtual object and received feedback indicating goal attainment, the perceived positions of their real hands shifted more toward that of the virtual hand relative to that in the condition without a goal, indicating that their body representations underwent greater modification. Furthermore, results of Experiment 2 showed that the effect of goal directed movement occurred in the active condition, in which participants moved their own hands, but did not occur in the passive condition, in which participants' hands were moved by the experimenter. Therefore, we concluded that the sense of agency probably contributed to the updating of body representation involving goal directed movement.

DOI： 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00329

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DOI： 10.1016/j.neures.2015.10.010

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

In many sports, essential skills exist in terms of muscle activation in order to improve performance. However, it is difficult to identify the important muscle activation, and moreover novices cannot observe and imitate it since muscle activation is hardly visible. This study especially focuses on human rowing motion to extract an important skill in terms of muscle activation and we develop skill education system for novices to learn the skill. Firstly, strength and activation timing of lower leg muscle are evaluated to detect the expert skill based on their peak value and cross correlation during movement. Next, new skill education system is suggested by simultaneous presentation of real human movement and muscle activations of the targeted muscle. In the proposed system, muscle color is continuously changed based on its activation level for novices to perceive their muscle activation visually. Both experts and novices participated at our skill extraction experiment to compare their muscle activation. Results showed that experts had larger peak activation level and different profile in rectus femoris muscle. Therefore, our skill education system focused on rectus femoris muscle to present its activation level and movement simultaneously. In order to evaluate efficacy of the developed system, four different education instructions were conducted to novices; linguistic education, simultaneous presentation of motion and muscle activation of the expert, off-line presentation of novices motion and muscle activation, and real time presentation of novices motion and muscle activation. Performance of novices was evaluated after each instruction based on peak activation level, cross correlation, and exerted power on the rowing ergometer. These performance change after each education implied providing integrated view of novices motion and muscle activation in real-time could improve performance of rowing motion.

DOI： 10.1299/transjsme.15-00424

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In recent Japanese society, we are facing a severe increase in the number of patients who suffer from motor paralysis and other dysfunctions. Establishing an effective rehabilitation system for them is important, and the key to attain this target is to clarify the mechanisms of one's body perception in the brain. The feeling of controlling our action and external event is an important aspect of body perception, and thus is a topic we have to investigate. This feeling is called the Sense of Agency (SoA), and in order to clarify the mechanism of the SoA, it is necessary to clarify neuro-physiological indices that reflect the arising of this feeling. Recent investigated the relationship between SoA and neural activity with event-related potential (ERP) but these studies focused only on the feedback processing after the action-feedback (e.g. N100, P300), while no study investigated the neural basis of the action-preceding part during SoA paradigm. In this research we focused on feedback-anticipation as an action-preceding factor of SoA, and the purpose of this research is to find a neuro-physiological indices which reflect this factor. We hypothesized that readiness potential (RP) would reflect this factor. In the Libet's clock task based experiment, two conditions which differed in the state of the anticipations for the feedback were prepared. In order to manipulate the anticipation, the probability of the tone occurrence was manipulated in each condition. Earlier and larger RP was observed when the feedback-anticipation was inconsistent in relative with the consistent condition, and additional experiment by increasing the sample size is needed. Our study is the first one that reveals the neural basis of the action-preceding factor of SoA, and we believe that our study will contribute to unravel the neural basis of the SoA.

DOI： 10.1109/MHS.2016.7824228

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：FRONTIERS MEDIA SA  

Sense of agency refers to the subjective feeling of controlling events through one's behavior or will. Sense of agency results from matching predictions of one's own actions with actual feedback regarding the action. Furthermore, when an action involves a cued goal, performance-based inference contributes to sense of agency. That is, if people achieve their goal, they would believe themselves to be in control. Previous studies have shown that both action-effect comparison and performance-based inference contribute to sense of agency; however, the dominance of one process over the other may shift based on task conditions such as the presence or absence of specific goals. In this study, we examined the influence of divided attention on these two processes underlying sense of agency in two conditions. In the experimental task, participants continuously controlled a moving dot for 10 s while maintaining a string of three or seven digits in working memory. We found that when there was no cued goal (no-cued-goal condition), sense of agency was impaired by high cognitive load. Contrastingly, when participants controlled the dot based on a cued goal (cued-goal-directed condition), their sense of agency was lower than in the no-cued-goal condition and was not affected by cognitive load. The results suggest that the action-effect comparison process underlying sense of agency requires attention. On the other hand, the weaker influence of divided attention in the cued-goal-directed condition could be attributed to the dominance of performance-based inference, which is probably automatic.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00035

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

We examined the influence of goals on sense of control relative to that experienced when taking action randomly. In the experimental task, participants controlled the direction of a moving dot by pressing the left and right keys at will without a specific goal (the control condition), directed the moving dot to a destination as often as possible (the strong goal condition), or kept the moving dot in the central area of the screen (the weak goal condition) for as long as possible. The results showed that the strong goal impaired the sense of control, but the weak goal did not exert an influence. We concluded that the goal-based expectation influenced sense of control, but the goal-directed action selection did not. Furthermore, we proposed a modified comparator model of the sense of control, offering a promising approach to integration of the predictive and postdictive processes involved in the sense of control. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

File： The influence of goals on sense of control.pdf

DOI： 10.1016/j.concog.2015.08.012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

The sense of agency refers to the feeling of being able to initiate and control events through one's actions. The "intentional binding" effect (Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002), refers to a subjective compression of the temporal interval between actions and their effects. The present study examined the influence of action-outcome delays and arousal on both the subjective judgment of agency and the intentional binding effect. In the experiment, participants pressed a key to trigger a central square to jump after various delays. A red central square was used in the high-arousal condition. Results showed that a longer interval between actions and their effects was associated with a lower sense of agency but a stronger intentional binding effect. Furthermore, although arousal enhanced the intentional binding effect, it did not influence the judgment of agency. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

File： The influence of action-outcome delay and arousal on sense of agency and the intentional binding effect.pdf

DOI： 10.1016/j.concog.2015.06.004

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

The sense of agency refers to the feeling that one is controlling events through one's own behavior. This study examined how task performance and the delay of events influence one's sense of agency during continuous action accompanied by a goal. The participants were instructed to direct a moving dot into a square as quickly as possible by pressing the left and right keys on a keyboard to control the direction in which the dot traveled. The interval between the key press and response of the dot (i.e., direction change) was manipulated to vary task difficulty. Moreover, in the assisted condition, the computer ignored participants' erroneous commands, resulting in improved task performance but a weaker association between the participants' commands and actual movements of the dot relative to the condition in which all of the participants' commands were executed (i.e., self-control condition). The results showed that participants' sense of agency increased with better performance in the assisted condition relative to the self-control condition, even though a large proportion of their commands were not executed. We concluded that, when the action-feedback association was uncertain, cognitive inference was more dominant relative to the process of comparing predicted and perceived information in the judgment of agency.

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DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0125226

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

This study examined the effects of instruction on verbal and spatial strategies on the learning about large-scale spaces by people with different levels of sense of direction. 103 participants learned two routes from a video, first without instruction and second with verbalization, spatial operation, or no instruction. For landmark learning, people with a good sense of direction benefited from both verbalization and spatial operation, and people with a poor sense of direction benefited from verbalization only. For survey learning, verbalization had a disruptive effect, and people with a good sense of direction did worse with instruction, either verbal or spatial. By contrast, survey learning by people with a poor sense of direction was not affected by verbalization or spatial operation, indicating their difficulty with survey learning and insensitivity to strategy instruction. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.lindif.2014.06.005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PION LTD  

Many people complain that they do not photograph well. In the present study, we hypothesised that the self-face is memorized more beautifully than reality, which may result in reports of being not photogenic. We took photographs of students who were in the same university course and were familiar with one another. We then magnified or shrunk the size of their eyes (Experiment 1; N = 10) and their mouths (Experiment 2; N = 10). We asked the students to select the picture that seemed most like their classmates' real faces or their own real face. The results showed that there were significant differences between memories of their own and others' faces. Participants selected their classmates' real faces to a greater degree than the modified faces. However, participants tended to select pictures of themselves with magnified eyes and shrunken mouths more often than for their classmates. In Experiment 3 (N = 22), more male participants were included and the influence of gender and mirror-reversed images were examined. We found that there were no significant differences across gender, and the mirror reversal did not change the participants' selections. The bias of self-face recognition may reflect different memory processes for the self and others.

File： (i-Perception)Why am I not photogenic Differences in face memory for the self and others.pdf

DOI： 10.1068/i0634

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DOI： 10.4236/psych.2013.49100

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley-Blackwell Publishing  

This study examined how different components of working memory are involved in the acquisition of egocentric and allocentric survey knowledge by people with a good and poor sense of direction (SOD). We employed a dual-task method and asked participants to learn routes from videos with verbal, visual, and spatial interference tasks and without any interference. Results showed that people with a good SOD encoded and integrated knowledge about landmarks and routes into egocentric survey knowledge in verbal and spatial working memory, which is then transformed into allocentric survey knowledge with the support of all three components, distances being processed in verbal and spatial working memory and directions in visual and spatial working memory. In contrast, people with a poor SOD relied on verbal working memory and lacked spatial processing, thus failing to acquire accurate survey knowledge. Based on the results, a possible model for explaining individual differences in spatial knowledge acquisition is proposed. Copyright © 2012 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.

DOI： 10.1111/cogs.12005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

This study examined how different components of working memory are involved in spatial knowledge acquisition for good and poor sense-of-direction (SOD) people. We employed a dual-task method, and asked participants to learn routes from videos with verbal, visual and spatial interference tasks and without any interference. Results showed that participants with a good SOD encoded landmarks and routes verbally and spatially, and integrated knowledge about them into survey knowledge with the support of all three components of working memory. In contrast, participants with a poor SOD encoded landmarks only verbally, and tended to rely on the visual component of working memory in the processing of route knowledge. Based on the results, a possible model for explaining the differences in spatial knowledge acquisition and SOD was proposed. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DOI： 10.1002/acp.1737

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

Sense of Agency (SoA) refers to the experience of controlling external events. SoA is considered to have predictive and postdictive aspect. Recent studies have investigated the relationship between SoA and event-related potentials, but these studies focused only on the postdictive aspect, while the brain activities related to the predictive aspect of SoA remain unclear. In the present study, we focused on readiness potential (RP) and examined the influence of prediction of SoA on RP. In the experiment, participants pressed a key to trigger a tone, and the event-related potentials before and after the key-press was recorded. In the normal predictive condition, all the tones were presented after key-press, thus participants could predict that their key-press would probably cause a tone. In contrast, in the low predictive condition, one third of the tones were presented before the key-presses, thus the causability of key-presses on tones were doubtful. The results indicated earlier RP in the normal predictive condition relative to the low predictive condition, although the difference did not reach significant level due to the small sample size. We will increase participants to confirm the difference in RP between the two predictive conditions in future work. We believe that our work provides important knowledge for the understanding of the neural basis of SoA.

DOI： 10.1299/jsmeicam.2015.6.353

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

researchmap

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00008045559

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers  

This study examined how different components of working memory are involved in spatial knowledge acquisition for good and poor sense-of-direction people. We employed a dual-task method, and asked participants to learn routes from videos with verbal, visual, and spatial interference tasks and without any interference. Results showed that participants with a good sense of direction encoded landmarks and routes verbally and spatially, and integrated knowledge about them into survey knowledge with the support of all three components of working memory. In contrast, participants with a poor sense of direction encoded landmarks only verbally, and tended to rely on the visual component of working memory in the processing of route knowledge. Based on the results, a possible model for explaining the differences in spatial knowledge acquisition and sense of direction was proposed.

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

This study examined how different components of working memory are involved in spatial knowledge acquisition for good and poor sense-of-direction people. We employed a dual-task method, and asked participants to learn routes from videos with verbal, visual, and spatial interference tasks and without any interference. Results showed that participants with a good sense of direction encoded landmarks and routes verbally and spatially, and integrated knowledge about them into survey knowledge with the support of all three components of working memory. In contrast, participants with a poor sense of direction encoded landmarks only verbally, and tended to rely on the visual component of working memory in the processing of route knowledge. Based on the results, a possible model for explaining the differences in spatial knowledge acquisition and sense of direction was proposed.

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.14947/psychono.KJ00006393859

CiNii Article

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Article

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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