Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1080/17408989.2021.1953458

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.15294/ajpesh.v2i2.62184

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}  

DOI： 10.1007/s44202-021-00015-1

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Human Kinetics  

Purpose: The present study aimed to explore possible factors that have contributed to students’ boredom in physical education (PE) lessons. Methods: A total of 19 teachers (53% females and 47% males) and 112 students (50% females and 50% males) from two co-educational primary schools completed a set of questionnaires. A focused group discussion was then conducted with 20 students to further examine the relationship between situational factors and boredom. Results: Findings showed that overall, students highly enjoyed PE lessons and had low levels of anxiety and boredom. However, 20% of the participants agreed that they often experience boredom in PE lessons. In relation to the experience of boredom, a multiple regression analysis revealed that three variables (opportunity costs, monotony, and generalized boredom) were significant predictors of students’ boredom scores. Conclusions: The PE teacher ought to consider the set of significant predictors of boredom when developing lesson plans and instructional strategies aimed at alleviating the negative emotional experiences.

DOI： 10.1123/jtpe.2021-0090

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Other Link： https://journals.humankinetics.com/downloadpdf/journals/jtpe/aop/article-10.1123-jtpe.2021-0090/article-10.1123-jtpe.2021-0090.xml

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.02.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa {UK} Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/02701367.2020.1846674

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：{MDPI} {AG}  

DOI： 10.3390/life12030457

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：{MDPI} {AG}  

DOI： 10.3390/biology11010017

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Universitas Negeri Semarang  

<jats:p>Physical education (PE) lessons are the appropriate occasions to promote physical activity for children. Although the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels during PE lessons were investigated in several countries, MVPA levels during PE lessons were never reported at Singapore primary schools. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate physical activity intensity levels during PE lessons at a Singapore primary school. A total of 93 students (40 girls) voluntary participated in the study: 28 in Grade 1, 39 in Grade 4, and 26 in Grade 6. They were asked to wear an accelerometer on their non-dominant hand in two PE lessons to measure physical activity levels objectively. They also completed questionnaires on their experiences during the PE lessons. The average of the MVPA levels time (%) in the scheduled lesson time across the three grades was 46.98 ± 5.25%, but the average of the MVPA levels time (%) in the actual lesson time was 69.74 ± 7.31%. These results indicated that it would be possible to achieve the recommended MVPA time in PE lessons. The findings of this study would be useful for PE teachers to reflect whether their PE lessons are efficient to promote primary school student’s physical activity levels.</jats:p>

DOI： 10.15294/ajpesh.v1i2.52585

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/s13102-021-00309-w

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Frontiers Media {SA}  

<jats:p>The purposes of the present study were three-fold: to examine (a) if the movement-specific reinvestment responses should be represented as two dimensional constructs, (b) whether dichotomization of the movement-specific reinvestment responses are appropriate, and (c) how the two dimensions are associated with relevant psychological concepts. To conduct a comparative examination of the MSRS structure in two Asian samples, participants were 236 Japanese university students (136 men, 100 women; <jats:italic>M</jats:italic><jats:sub>age</jats:sub> = 18.0, <jats:italic>SD</jats:italic> = 1.6) and 328 Singaporeans (167 men, 161 women; <jats:italic>M</jats:italic><jats:sub>age</jats:sub> = 21.8, <jats:italic>SD</jats:italic> = 1.8). After examining the factor structure of the movement-specific reinvestment responses for the first purpose, latent class factor analysis was conducted for both samples for the second purpose. For the third purpose, correlation analysis and mediation analysis were conducted for a part of the Singaporean sample. Through a series of latent class factor analysis, four and three classes were identified for the Japanese and Singaporean samples, respectively. For both samples, the patterns of the item-average scores for the two movement-specific reinvestment dimensions were parallel among the classes. Conscious Motor Processing was positively associated with mental toughness, intrinsic regulation, integrated regulation, mastery-approach and task goal orientations, and dispositional flow, whereas Movement Self-Consciousness was positively related with stress and mastery-avoidance goal orientation. The findings of the study supported (a) the two-dimensional representation of the movement-specific reinvestment responses, but did not fully support (b) the practice of dichotomization of the movement-specific reinvestment responses, and indicated that (c) at the trait level, Conscious Motor Processing and Movement Self-Consciousness were associated with positive and negative psychological constructs, respectively.</jats:p>

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716945

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：{MDPI} {AG}  

DOI： 10.3390/nu13041278

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley  

DOI： 10.1002/smi.3004

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.15002/00024167

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of this study was to examine if the effects of asynchronous use of music on running performance are directly and/or indirectly carried through psychological, psychophysical, and psychophysiological benefits. Following a standardized music selection procedure, 20 healthy undergraduate students (10 males, 10 females) completed a 30-min treadmill run at perceived moderate intensity while listening to music (135–140 beats per minute) or under a no-music condition in a randomized order. Participants’ affective valence, arousal, perceived exertion, heart rate during the run, and running distance were measured in both trials. A mediation analysis was conducted for 40 data collected from the 20 participants under two conditions (no music; music) with a parallel mediation model in which affective valence, arousal, heart rate, and perceived exertion were specified as mediators. A significant indirect effect of affective valence was observed for running distance. The present finding supports the notion that the relationship between asynchronous use of music and running distance is mediated by psychological benefits.

DOI： 10.1080/02640414.2020.1809153

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the efficacy of an intervention program for fostering flow in a physical education (PE) setting.Design: A cluster randomized control trial design was employed in the study.Method: A total of 135 college students (124 women and 11 men) participated in the study. Three PE classes were randomly allocated to two intervention groups (Class 1 [n = 47] and Class 2 [n = 41]) and one control group (Class 3: n = 47). Basketball was used as the major physical activity in both intervention and control conditions, and all participants played basketball in their PE lessons once a week for 10 weeks. The intervention program focused on increasing participants' abilities and awareness relating to the preconditions of a flow state (clear goals, unambiguous feedback, and challenge-skill balance). Participant's flow experience in each PE lesson was measured with the Japanese version of the Flow State Scale-2. Growth curve modeling was conducted on the situational flow scores.Results: Both intervention groups' global flow state scores in the first PE lesson (Week 1) were not different from that of the control group; however, both the intervention groups' global flow state scores increased significantly in later weeks (Weeks 7-10), compared to the control group.Conclusions: The present study was the first cluster-randomized control trial with a moderate sample size to foster flow in a PE setting. The findings of the study generally confirmed that the intervention program was successful in promoting flow in PE contexts.

DOI： 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.006

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Background: Regular participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is important to manage obesity. Physical education (PE) is considered to play an important role in promoting lifelong participation in physical activity (PA) because it provides an existing network where cost-effective interventions can be implemented to produce sustainable change in health behavior. However, the association between compulsory school PA (e.g., PE lessons) and body composition levels has received mixed support in the literature. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether a school-based intervention targeting salient PA benefits and barriers grounded on the theory of planned behavior would promote young people's participation in MVPA during leisure time and reduce body mass index (BMI) of overweight students. Methods/design: A total of 171 students from 3 secondary schools in Singapore underwent the control condition followed by the intervention condition. Both the conditions consisted of PE lessons twice per week over 4 weeks. In the control condition, PE teachers encouraged students to participate in PA during leisure time without providing persuasive message. While in the intervention condition, PE teachers delivered persuasive messages that targeted the salient benefits and barriers associated with PA to the students at the last 5 to 10 min of each PE lesson. PA levels over a week were measured objectively with wrist-mounted GENEActiv Original accelerometers and subjectively with self-reporting questionnaires three times (Baseline, Post 1, and Post 2) in each condition. Student's self-reported PA level was measured using the Leisure-Time Physical Activity Participation Questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and their attitudes, intentions, subjective norms and perceived behavior control towards leisure-time PA were measured with a questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior. Furthermore, students' intention, determination and willingness to engage in leisure-time PA were compared with the other activity (e.g., doing homework, shopping). Discussion: This study will provide the evidence on the effectiveness of a cost-effective school-based intervention on reducing BMI of overweight students through promoting sustained participation in leisure-time PA. It will also address methodological issues on the gaps between objective and subjective measures of PA. Trial registration: This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN73786157, 26/10/2017, retrospectively registered).

DOI： 10.1186/s12889-018-5320-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

It is commonly believed that massage can reduce muscle stiffness and is desirable for recovery from exercise. However, the effect massage on muscle stiffness following eccentric exercises is currently unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of post-exercise massage on passive muscle stiffness over a five-day period. A randomised cross-over study design was adopted. After 40 minutes of downhill running, 18 male recreational runners had one leg received a 16-minute massage and the contralateral leg received a 16-minute sham ultrasound treatment. Passive stiffness for four leg muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius) was assessed using myotonometry at baseline, immediately post-run, post-treatment, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-run. A 2 (treatment) × 7 (time) mixed ANOVA was conducted with a robust procedure on the myotonometry data of each leg muscle to examine the effect of treatment on stiffness. Passive stiffness for all muscles changed over time but no treatment effect was found. Stiffness increased at 24 hours post-run and remained elevated from baseline levels for up to 96 hours across all four muscles. Significant treatment × time interaction was only found in the tibialis anterior but no post-hoc differences were identified. Passive stiffness of major leg muscles increased after a bout of unaccustomed eccentric exercise and remained elevated for up to four days post-exercise. Compared with the placebo treatment, post-exercise massage had no beneficial effect in alleviating altered muscle stiffness in major leg muscles.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Self-determination theory (SDT) has been widely used for studying athlete motivation. The Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II), a SDT-based multidimensional scale, was recently developed to assess athlete motivation. The present research consisting of three studies aimed to develop the Chinese version of the SMS-II (CSMS-II). In Study 1, the SMS-II was translated into Chinese and then administered to university athletes (N = 267). The factorial structure of the CSMS-II was tested with confirmatory factor analysis and it was generally supported. In Study 2, the factorial and external validity of the CSMS-II were evidenced with another independent sample of athletes (N = 259). In Study 3, the test-retest reliability of the CSMS-II responses was supported. In conclusion, the CSMS-II is considered reliable and valid in general for the use with the Chinese university athletes.

DOI： 10.1080/1612197X.2016.1153130

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS: Ryan & Frederick, 1997) is a 7-item self-report instrument to measure one's level of vitality and has been widely used in psychological studies. However, there have been discrepancies in which version of the SVS (7- or 6-item version) employed between as well as within researchers. Moreover, Item 5 seems not be a good indicator of vitality from a content validity perspective. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the SVS for Japanese and Singaporeans rigorously by comparing 3 measurement models (5-, 6-, and 7-item models). To this end, the scale was first translated from English to Japanese and then the Japanese and English versions of the scale were administered to Japanese (n = 268) and Singaporean undergraduate students (n = 289), respectively. The factorial and concurrent validity of the three models were examined independently on each of the samples. Furthermore, the covariance stability of the vitality responses was assessed over a 4-week time period for another independent Japanese sample (n = 140). The findings from this study indicated that from methodological and content validity perspectives, the 5-item model is considered most preferable for both language versions of the SVS.

DOI： 10.1111/sms.12760

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The ability to pick-up task-relevant visual information during movement control is crucial in successful sport performance. Quiet eye (QE), the final fixation prior to final movement onset, has been shown to be characteristic of the visual search strategies exhibited by skilled athletes in self-paced aiming tasks. Longer QE durations were previously associated with skill and successful performance outcomes. In this study, gaze behaviour data of six expert (E) and six novice (N) 10-pin bowlers were measured using a mobile eye tracker as they completed 20 trials of two single-pin conditions each (Easy: 1-pin; Hard: 10-pin). Expert bowlers exhibited significantly longer QE durations in both conditions as compared to their less-skilled counterparts. However, QE duration was not found to be significantly different as a function of accuracy nor task condition. Further detailed analysis revealed considerable variance in QE characteristics between individuals, warranting the need to explore individualised interventions centred on the development of perceptual-motor control during self-paced aiming tasks. Moreover, this study raised an important methodological issue relating to the analysis of trials with the absence of QE.

DOI： 10.1080/1612197X.2015.1114503

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC  

The present study examined the extent to which scores on the Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) could differentiate individuals who experienced flow characteristics in physical activity from those who did not. A total of 1,048 participants completed the Japanese version of the FSS-2. Latent class factor analysis (LCFA), which combines the strengths of both latent class analysis and factor analysis, was conducted on the FSS-2 responses. Four classes were identified through a series of LCFAs and the patterns of the item-average scores for the nine flow attributes were found parallel among these classes. The top two classes (15.1% and 38.9% of the whole sample) were considered the groups who experienced flow characteristics during their physical activities. These results indicated that individuals who experienced flow attributes in physical activity could be differentiated from those who did not based on their FSS-2 scores. Criteria for classifying individuals into the two groups were proposed.

DOI： 10.1123/tsp.2014-0053

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER  

This study compared effectiveness of additive, interactive, and quadratic statistical models in detecting the combined effects of achievement goals on academic achievement. In a prospective study that aimed to predict college students' grades in an English course, we found that the quadratic model was more effective in detecting the combined effects of achievement goals on course grades than the additive and interactive models. In addition, a response surface analysis showed that the combined effects of achievement goals on course grades corresponded to a goal profile that involved tendencies to endorse mastery goals at high levels and performance goals at moderate levels. Findings suggest that the quadratic model is a viable data analytic technique that assists researchers in detecting combined effects of achievement goals on academic achievement. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.lindif.2016.08.015

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

ObjectivesMotivation is identified as a key antecedent of self-regulated behaviour, such as eating fruit and vegetables. However, inaccurate measurement of this construct may lead to poor prediction of behaviour and inflate the impact of post-motivational factors, such as planning, in models of health behaviour. This study explored the properties of a newly identified measure of motivation, termed behavioural resolve (Rhodes & Horne, 2013, Psychol. Sport Exerc., 14, 455-460), in relation to intention, planning, and fruit and vegetable intake (FVI).DesignProspective self-report survey.MethodUniversity students living in the United Kingdom completed two online surveys. The first assessed demographic and predictor variables (intention, behavioural resolve, action planning, and coping planning). The second, completed approximately 2weeks later, measured average daily FVI and perceived experience of obstacles to FVI. At Time 1, there were 195 respondents, with 139 providing follow-up data.ResultsAll predictor variables were significantly correlated with FVI. Two independent multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed that both intention and behavioural resolve were significant predictors of FVI, but behavioural resolve explained greater FVI variance (40.1%) than intention (36.4%). Furthermore, action planning showed incremental predictive utility over intention, but not behavioural resolve, in predicting FVI.ConclusionsThe results indicated that motivation is an important determinant of FVI for students, with behavioural resolve demonstrating advantages over intention as a measure of this domain and a predictor of FVI behaviour.

DOI： 10.1111/bjhp.12123

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.7352/IJSP.2015.46.095

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

The Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S) is designed to evaluate coaches' involvement in developing athletes, taking into considerations the complex training and competition environment. Although the CBS-S has been used in a number of empirical studies, the factor structure of the instrument has not been examined rigorously. The present study was, therefore, conducted to assess the factor structure of the CBS-S for Singaporean youth athletes. A total of 519 participants completed the CBS-S, and their responses were examined with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and recent exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Both seven-factor CFA and ESEM models ft to the sample data adequately. In addition, the sizes of factor loadings on target factors were substantial and found comparable between the CFA and ESEM solutions. The findings from this study supported the factorial validity of the CBS-S for the present sample.

DOI： 10.1260/1747-9541.9.6.1311

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The current study was conducted to re-assess the factor structure of the 24-item Sport Motivation Scale-6 (SMS-6; Mallett, Kawabata, Newcombe, Otero-Forero, & Jackson, 2007) with an independent sample. A total of 437 participants completed the SMS-6, and their responses were examined with confirmatory factor analysis and recent exploratory structural equation modelling (Asparouhov & Muthén, 2009). A six-factor confirmatory-factor-analysis model did not fit to the sample data adequately. Through examination of the corresponding exploratory-structural-equation-modelling solution, it was found that two items loaded on non-target factors poorly. This result was replicated by a published data set (Mallett, Kawabata, Newcombe, et al., 2007). The modified confirmatory-factor-analysis model with these two items removed fit to the present study's data satisfactorily and all six factors were adequately diferentiated. These results generally validate the SMS-6 responses. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the usefulness of a comparison of confirmatory-factor-analysis and exploratory-structural-equation-modelling solutions for an accurate interpretation of individual parameters. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/02640414.2012.723132

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

Objective. Based on tenets of self-determination theory, the present manuscript examined the hypothesis that a physical activity intervention programme that supported the universal psychological need for autonomy would motivate a large proportion of young individuals to engage in physical activity. In contrast, we hypothesized that interventions that did not support the universal psychological need for autonomy would motivate a smaller proportion of young individuals to endorse the physical activity programme. Method. A field experiment was conducted. Participants were randomly allocated to an intervention that supported the psychological need for autonomy and two conditions that did not support the psychological need for autonomy (rationale-only or forced-choice conditions). Results. It was demonstrated that more young individuals initiated and completed a physical activity intervention programme when the programme supported the psychological need for autonomy than when the programme did not support the psychological need for autonomy. Conclusions. Results of the present study provide additional evidence to a growing body of literature recognizing the importance of universal psychological needs in motivating health-related behaviours. Statement of Contribution What is already known on this subject? Previous research has established the unique effects of the psychological need for autonomy on health behaviour. Several studies have shown that individuals are more likely to adopt health-related behaviour when they complete interventions that support the psychological need for autonomy than when they are exposed to interventions that frustrate the psychological need for autonomy. What does this study add? The current study adds to knowledge by demonstrating that the effects of universal psychological needs extend to a large proportion (i.e., the majority) of individuals. This means that autonomy supportive interventions to change health behaviour will lead to benefits to a large proportion of individuals in a population, which is extremely beneficial to public health campaigns that aim to increase the health of the general population.

DOI： 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02073.x

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The present study examined the extent to which scores on the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2) could differentiate individuals who frequently experience flow characteristics in physical activity from those who do not. A total of 993 participants completed the Japanese version of the DFS-2. Latent class factor analysis (LCFA), which combines the strengths of both latent class analysis and factor analysis, was conducted on the DFS-2 responses. Six classes were identified through a series of LCFAs and the patterns of the item-average scores for the nine flow attributes were found to be parallel among these classes. The top two and bottom two classes (19.3% and 13.4% of the whole sample) were considered the groups who experience flow characteristics frequently and seldom, respectively. These results indicated that individuals who often experience flow attributes in physical activity could be differentiated from those who do not based on their DFS-2 scores. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

DOI： 10.1080/02640414.2012.695083

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS  

Considering the phenomenology of flow experience reflects attentional processes, Nakamura and Csikszentmihalyi (Handbook of positive psychology, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002) classified the components of flow experience into proximal conditions and the characteristics of a subjective state while being in flow. The present study was conducted to clarify the concept of flow through examination of the interrelationships among the components from a process-related perspective. A total of 1,048 participants completed the Japanese versions of the Flow State Scale-2 (Kawabata et al. in Psychol Sport Exerc 9:465-485, 2008), and based on their scores, 591 respondents were considered to be in a flow state during their physical activity. A proposed higher-order confirmatory factor model and a full structural equation model were tested for the flow respondents. The results of the higher-order model indicated that the 9 flow factors were empirically classified into the flow state and its proximal condition. Furthermore, the outcomes of the full structural model preliminarily supported the hypothesized sequential relationships among flow factors.

DOI： 10.1007/s11031-011-9221-1

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER  

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the factorial validity and reliability of the Japanese versions of the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (JFSS-2 and JDFS-2) for use with Japanese adults.Method: To accomplish the aim, a multi-staged approach was employed. Following the guidelines for test adaptation [Tanzer, N. K., & Sun, C. Q. E. (1999). Adapting instruments for use in multiple languages and cultures: A review of the ITC guidelines for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 15, 258-269], the two flow scales were translated from English to Japanese and the best 36 items for each instrument was identified through two pilot studies. Employing it 9-factor 1st-order hypothesized model, the factorial validity of the JFSS-2 and JDFS-2 was tested and cross-validated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In addition to internal consistency reliability for the both scales, stability was assessed over a 4-week time period for the JDFS-2. Furthermore, measurement equivalence was examined across Japanese independent samples as well as two cultural samples.Results: The results of a series of CFAs revealed that the data for the JFSS-2 and JDFS-2 were represented appropriately by the hypothesized 1st-order model. For the both scales, internal consistency estimates for all factors were satisfactory, whereas the stability of single factors over time were medium to high. Measurement invariance was established across the Japanese samples as well as the cultural samples.Conclusions: The findings from this Study provided strong Support for the validity and reliability of the JFSS-2 and JDFS-2 in assessing flow experiences in physical activity for Japanese adults. In addition, this study indicated that the Japanese versions of the flow scales are useful instruments for cross-cultural research. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Measurement in sport psychology is a major issue and attempts to progress measurement should be valued and encouraged. Construct validation is an ongoing process [Marsh, H. W., & Jackson, S. A. (1999). Flow experience in sport: Construct validation of multidimensional hierarchical state and trait responses. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 343-371] and the publication of the SMS-6 [Mallett, C. J., Kawabata, M., Newcombe, P., Otero-Ferero, A., & Jackson, S. A. (2007). Sports Motivation Scale-6 (SMS-6): A revised six-factor Sport Motivation Scale. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 600-614] was an attempt to progress measurement in contextual sport motivation using self-determination theory (SDT) [Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press]. Mallett et al. argued for the need to re-develop the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) [Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Brière, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53], primarily because the SMS did not measure integrated regulation, and secondly due to consistently reported problems with the lack of convergent and discriminant validity. Pelletier, Vallerand, and Sarrazin's [Pelletier, L. G., Vallerand, R. J., & Sarrazin, P. (2007b). Something old, something new, and something borrowed. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 615-621] commentary on the SMS-6, focused on two legitimate questions: "Does the SMS need to be revised?", and "Is the revised 6-factor SMS a better scale?" In addressing the first question, this article provides strong evidence that supports the arguments that the SMS does need revision. In addressing the second question, we provided sound arguments for the development of the SMS-6. However, we concluded that the superiority of the SMS-6 in measuring contextual sport motivation across diverse age and cultural groups is a question for future and continuing research. Further examination of the SMS-6 is necessary before such claims can be endorsed. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.001

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER  

Background and Purpose: The sport motivation scale (SMS; [Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Briere, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The sport motivation scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 35-53]) was developed to measure an athlete's motivation toward sport participation. However, the SMS does not measure the most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, which is inconsistent with self-determination theory (SDT; [Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press]) upon which the instrument is based. Moreover, several studies (e.g., [Martens, M. P., & Webber, S. N. (2002). Psychometric properties of the sport motivation scale: An evaluation with college varsity athletes from the U.S. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 254-270]) have questioned the factorial validity of the SMS. Hence, the purpose of this study was to develop a revised version of the SMS, including integrated regulation.Method: In Stage 1, the factorial validity of the SMS was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on data collected from 614 Australians (elite athletes and university students). In Stage 2, the scale was revised by including integrated regulation items and replacing problematic items through an iterative process using CFA for data collected from 557 Australian university students. Concurrent validity of the revised scale was examined by evaluating correlations with the dispositional flow scale-2 (DFS-2) [Jackson,S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2004). The flow scales manual. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology].Results: The revision led to development of a six-factor 24-item scale (SMS-6) that indicated a more parsimonious and improved fitting model consistent with SDT. Correlations between the SMS-6 and DFS-2 factors support the concurrent validity of the revised scale.Conclusion: From statistical and theoretical viewpoints, the revised SMS-6 was preferable to the original SMS, except for the discriminant validity issue of identification regulation. Further examination of the instrument is necessary by cross-validating the findings from this study. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

DOI： 10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.12.005

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DOI： 10.11317/joej1997.4.27

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DOI： 10.11317/joej1997.2.39

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

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DOI： 10.20723/daigakutaiiku.24.3_9

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Ochanomizu University  

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