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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/23328940.2026.2635186

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Informa UK Limited  

DOI： 10.1080/23328940.2025.2508489

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Objectives: This study primarily aimed to examine the optimal amount of carbohydrates in the effects of high-isomaltulose and high-sucrose ingestion compared with low-sucrose ingestion on blood glucose levels. The secondary objective was to assess the changes in blood glucose levels that may impact golf-related performance. Methods: This study included 29 healthy male competitive golfers playing 18 holes. These participants were randomly assigned to the low-sucrose (LSUC, 30.9 g/h of carbohydrates), high-sucrose (HSUC, 44.2 g/h of carbohydrates), and high-isomaltulose (HISO, 44.5 g/h of carbohydrates) groups. They were required to continuously consume the test food during the round. Assessment items included blood glucose, golf performance, urinary urea nitrogen, subjective ratings (concentration, fatigue, and relaxation), and anxiety ratings. A main effect of the test meal of changes in interstitial glucose concentration was determined. Results: The HSUC had significantly more interstitial glucose than the HISO and LSUC, while the HISO group had a much lower decrease in urine urea nitrogen than the LSUC group. In subjective fatigue, the main effect of the test diet was observed, and the HSUC and HISO showed significantly lower values than the LSUC after 18 h. Conclusions: Compared with low-carbohydrate intake, high-carbohydrate intake during a round of golf-maintained the blood glucose levels and prevented fatigue. Therefore, this study indicates that competitive golfers need a high-carbohydrate intake of approximately 44 g/h for energy intake during a round of golf.

DOI： 10.3390/nu16234120

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

This study examined the effects of continuous carbohydrate intake during a golf round on interstitial glucose, golf performance, and the cognitive performance of competitive golfers. Eleven competitive golfers participated and played 18 holes of golf in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to the group indicated to consume the test food (CHO intake) or the group required to not consume it (NOT intake). Here, gummies were used as the test food, and the amount of carbohydrates was 30 g per h. Blood glucose levels were evaluated using interstitial glucose. Golf performance was measured in five tests, including scores, 2.5 m putting test, club head speed, driving distance, and accuracy. Cognitive performance was measured in three tests, including self-perceived levels of fatigue (PLF), self-perceived levels of concentration (PLC), and self-perceived levels of relaxation (PLR). Interstitial glucose (p < 0.001) and PLF (p < 0.001) were significantly reduced in the CHO intake compared with that in the NOT intake from the sixth hole. PLC was significantly higher in the CHO intake than in the NOT intake on all 18 holes (p = 0.032). These findings suggest that continuous carbohydrate intake may be effective in reducing fatigue and maintaining the performance of competitive golfers.

DOI： 10.3390/nu15143245

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (international conference proceedings)  

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Authorship：Lead author  

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Authorship：Lead author   Publishing type：Lecture material (seminar, tutorial, course, lecture, etc.)   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine  

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.66.43

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Language：English  

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Language：English  

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Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

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Event date： 21 9 2024 - 22 9 2024

Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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