Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Historical Society of Rikkyo University  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Editorial Board of KODAI  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Historical Society of Rikkyo University  

DOI： 10.14992/00011020

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Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1062/00011020/

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Historical Society of Rikkyo University  

DOI： 10.14992/00009132

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Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1062/00009132/

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：西洋史研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Historical Society of Rikkyo University  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Rikkyo University  

DOI： 10.14992/00001708

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Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1062/00001708/

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Historical Society of Rikkyo University  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Rikkyo University  

DOI： 10.14992/00001684

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Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1062/00001684/

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：西洋史研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益財団法人 史学会  

DOI： 10.24471/shigaku.111.10_1699

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益財団法人 史学会  

DOI： 10.24471/shigaku.111.10_1699

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Historical Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.24471/shigaku.109.5_969

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Historical Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.24471/shigaku.109.5_969

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Historical Society of Rikkyo University  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：西洋史研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Classical Society of Japan  

Many scholars have asserted that imperial authorities of the Later Roman Empire compelled curiales, the well-known prosperous civic aristocracy, to pay up "any" arrears of taxpayers under their control out of their own pockets, which led eventually to their ruin. In this paper, which focuses on Late Antique Egypt, I try to refute these assertions mainly through the re-examination of some papyri which these scholars have called "obvious" proof of this compulsory taxation(1)and to re-consider the curiales' local power in later Roman society as more positive than previously thought in the light of new evidence concerning their own compulsory measures on taxpayers(2). The following are my conclusions. (1) Legal texts(Codices Theodosianus et Iustinianus)tell us that the curiales in charge of tax collection were not compelled to pay up "any" arrears out of their own pockets(unusquisque decurio ne pro alio conveniatur cf. CI.4.46.1; 10.6.3; CT.11.7.2; 1,7; CI.11.57.1), but to compensate for losses resulting from their own neglect of duties(CT. 12. 6. 1 et al.). In accordance with these regulations, the papyri, which have wrongly been regarded as the proof of the compulsion to make them pay up any arrears(WChr.281; 424), show us that what they were actually compelled to make up were not any arrears but just losses from their own neglect. In fact, these and other documents(PLips. 62 ; PFlor. 95 ; CT. 11. 29 et al.)make it clear that, both because of their lack of compulsory measures and indifference to arrears, the imperial authorities could not be so harsh to the curiales as to press them to pay off all arrears. The imperial authorities even remitted arrears repeatedly, except when they faced cases of want which were rare in practice. (2) On the other hand, many papyri prove that the curiales, by exclusively assuming the posts of praepositi pagi, which were free from close imperial control, could and did dispose of effective powers and measures to compel village-officials (komarches, sitologos, apaitetes) to pay off all taxes. Firstly, they had close control over the entire process of tax-collection from the initial stage of the nominations of village-officials to the final stage of the settlement of accounts(cf. WChr. 406 ; P. Cair. hid. 9 et al.). Secondly, they could claim the payment of any arrears from village-officials on their own authority(cf. WChr. 406 ; P. Cair. Isid. 68 et al.). Finally, they employed their own compulsory measures, i. e. their own deputies (foethoi) , policemen (symmachoi), soldiers(stratiotai)and prisons not only to compel village-officials and taxpayers to pay off all taxes but also to keep them obedient to public order in rural areas(POxy. 3384-3429 et al.). These powers and measures all made curiales far from ruined, but rather more powerful locally. Later, some well-prepared curiales were able to establish their own oikoi-powers and to become imperial aristocracy(honorati)as were the Apions in the 6th century.

DOI： 10.20578/jclst.43.0_97

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)   Publisher：歴史学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)   Publisher：東北史学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Society for Western Hisotry  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)   Publisher：The Historical Society of Japan  

This article attempts to answer the following three questions on angareia, a requisitioned transport service which was indispensable for military provisions (annona) transport, but was very burdensome for provincials in the later Roman Empire. First, how did measures and practice of the angareia-levy develop during the first three centuries? Secondly, what kinds of necessity or intention of the imperial authority existed behind its development? Thirdly, eventually what kinds of burdens did the provincials (especially villagers) have to bear? The results of the author's investigation through inscriptions from the eastern Roman provinces are as follows. (1)As Sagalassos-Inscription (JRS 66, pp. 107f.) tells us, in the early principate (AD. 1C.), angareia was regarded as the service assessed roughly at the distance between stations (i.e. from one station to the next others), and levied on each central city which was responsible for its own station, en bloc. The central city magistrates levied a portion of the service on each city and village within its territory. Subsequently, in the 2C. in provincia armata (e.g. Moesia Inf, ; Dagis -SEG xix 476), in the 3C. even in provimia inermis (e.g. Asia ; Anossa & Antimacheia -JRS 46, pp.46f.), angareia came to be counted as munera possessionis, assessed strictly in proportion to the amount of land tax (or rent) payments and directly levied on villages. Village notables made arrangements for this service. Only by giving soldier-officials the minor authority of execution could the Empire build up this levy system at the village level. (2)The Empire urged the aforementioned process more and more as tension mounted on the eastern frontier and armies on the march there needed huge amounts of provisions. Because the Empire had to strengthen the angareia-levy system so as to transport annona to the army's station. (3)Not only did the increase in the quantity of transported provisions force provincials into a miserable condition ; but also both the introduction of soldier-officials and the existing subordination of villages to cities caused abuses of power and unauthorized angareia levies on villages. Villagers were on the verge of ruin. It was not until Emperor Leo converted the angareia service into money payments (adaeratio) in order to meet the expenses of public transport (cursus publicus) that these two problems were resolved.

DOI： 10.24471/shigaku.97.11_1789

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)   Publisher：西洋史研究会  

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Language：Japanese Book type：Scholarly book

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